- Author:
- Tessa Paris <tpar054@aucklanduni.ac.nz>
- Date:
- 2010-02-04 14:48:43+13:00
- Desc:
- Fixed units and came up with suitable initial conditions. The model can still not exactly replicate the figures (see the model status).
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/wodarz_jansen_2003/rawfile/495c058005287d6d23e184a066e1ed67639f2140/wodarz_jansen_2003.cellml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 4/02/2010 at 2:31:52 at p.m. using:
COR (0.9.31.1333)
Copyright 2002-2010 Dr Alan Garny
http://cor.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - cor@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this model
http://www.cellml.org/
-->
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<title>Modelling CTL Dynamics: Implications for Cancer Immunology</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
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<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
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<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model runs in open cell and COR with no errors or warnings. This model is very sensitive to initial conditions (not all of which are listed in the paper.)
The model can produce similar graphs to figure 1 in the paper using the parameter values listed in the caption and the following initial conditions:
1(a) T = 0.1, C = 0.015, A = 1, A* = 2, alpha = 0.05.
1(b) T = 0.1, C = 0.1, A = 1, A* = 2, alpha = 0.1, r = 10, eta = 10.
1(c) T = 0.1, C = 0.1, A = 1, A* = 1, alpha = 0.2.
The model can also be used to reproduce the 3 parts of figure 4 using the parameters listed and the following initial conditions:
1(a) T = 0.1, C = 0.001.
1(b) T = 0.1, C = 0.8.
1(c) T = 0.1, C = 0.1.
</para>
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<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
ABSTRACT:
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses are required to fight many diseases such as viral infections and tumors. At the same time, they can cause disease when induced inappropriately. Which factors regulate CTL and decide whether they should remain silent or react is open to debate. The phenomenon called cross-priming has received attention in this respect. That is, CTL expansion occurs if antigen is recognized on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). This is in contrast to direct presentation where antigen is seen on the surface of the target cells (e.g. infected cells or tumor cells). Here we introduce a mathematical model, which takes the phenomenon of cross-priming into account. We propose a new mechanism of regulation which is implicit in the dynamics of the CTL: According to the model, the ability of a CTL response to become established depends on the ratio of cross-presentation to direct presentation of the antigen. If this ratio is relatively high, CTL responses are likely to become established. If this ratio is relatively low, tolerance is the likely outcome. The behavior of the model includes a parameter region where the outcome depends on the initial conditions. We discuss our results with respect to the idea of self/non-self discrimination and the danger signal hypothesis. We apply the model to study the role of CTL in cancer initiation, cancer evolution/progression, and therapeutic vaccination against cancers.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
A dynamical perspective of CTL cross-priming and regulation: implications for cancer immunology, Dominik Wodarz and Vincent A. A. Jansen, 2003,
<emphasis>Immunology Letters</emphasis> <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12706524">PubMed ID: 12706524</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
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<caption>A schematic diagram of the processes described by the mathematical model. The model contains four variables: T, which represents the target cells which are directly displaying antigen, such as infected cells or tumour cells; A, which denotes non-activated antigen presenting cells (APCs); A*, which represents the loaded and activated APCs which have taken up the antigen and display it; and CTL, which represent cytotoxic T lymphocytes.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
Using this model Wodarz and Jansen found that the ratio of cross-presentation to direct presentation can be a deciding factor which determines whether exposure to antigen results in an immune response or tolerance. Higher ratios tend to correlate with the CTL expanding and reacting, while lower ratios are associated with tolerance. The model is applied to study the role of CTL in cancer initiation, cancer evolution/progression, and therapeutic vaccination against cancers.
</para>
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A dynamical perspective of CTL cross-priming and regulation:
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Wodarz and Jansen's 2003 mathematical model of CTL dynamics.
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