- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2008-07-07 22:31:04+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version01 of rice_wang_bers_detombe_2008
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/rice_wang_bers_detombe_2008/rawfile/d90a594a7a249398295acbbc7d38bfc5e27069d5/rice_wang_bers_detombe_2008.cellml
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<articleinfo>
<title>Approximate model of cooperative activation and crossbridge cycling in cardiac muscle using ordinary differential equations</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
This cellML model is known to run in both PCEnv and COR. The units have been checked and they are consistent.
</para>
<para>
Abstract: We develop a point model of the cardiac myofilament (MF) to simulate wide variety of experimental muscle characterizations including Force-Ca relations and twitches under isometric, isosarcometric, isotonic and auxotonic conditions. Complex MF behaviors are difficult to model because spatial interactions cannot be directly implemented as ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We therefore allow phenomenological approximations with careful consideration to the relationships with the underlying biophysical mechanisms. We describe new formulations that avoid mean-field approximations found in most existing MF models. To increase the scope and applicability of the model, we include length- and temperature-dependent effects that play important roles in MF response. We have also included a representation of passive restoring forces to simulate isolated cell shortening protocols. Possessing both computational efficiency and the ability to simulate a wide variety of muscle responses, the MF representation is well-suited for coupling to existing cardiac cell models of electrophysiology and Ca-handling mechanisms. To illustrate this suitability, the MF model is coupled to the Chicago rabbit cardiomyocyte model. The combined model generates realistic appearing action potentials, intracellular Ca transients, and cell shortening signals. The combined model also demonstrates that the feedback effects of force on Ca binding to troponin can modify the cystolic Ca transient.
</para>
<para>
Note that the current CellMl model describes the rat model of myofilamentcontraction. One of the goals of the published work by Rice et al. was to develop a model of the myofilaments which could be coupled to existing models of cardiac electrophysiology and Ca-handling mechanisms. Similarly, it is our intention to be able to couple the CellML model of myofilament contration with cardiac models of electrophysiology and calcium change. To achieve this we will first have to modify the rat myofilament model to convert it to a rabbit myofilament model. This can be achieved by decreasing the transition rates in the crossbridge cycle by a factor of 5 to simulate the changes in myosin isoforms (rat is predominately V1 while rabbit is V3) and species-based changes in rate. We can then couple the model to the <ulink url="http://www.cellml.org/models/shannon_wang_puglisi_weber_bers_2004_version04">Chicago rabbit ventricular myocyte model</ulink> by using the cytosolic Ca concentration ([Ca]c) from the Chicago model as the input to the myofilament model. Other minor modifications are also required, as described in the paper below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/content/abstract/biophysj.107.119487v1">Approximate model of cooperative activation and crossbridge cycling in cardiac muscle using ordinary differential equations</ulink>, John Jeremy Rice, Fei Wang, Donald M. Bers and Pieter P. de Tombe, 2008, <ulink url="http://www.biophysj.org/">
<emphasis>Biophysical Journal</emphasis>
</ulink>. (A <ulink url="http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/rapidpdf/biophysj.107.119487v1">PDF</ulink> version of the article is available to journal subscribers on the <emphasis>Biophysical Journal</emphasis> website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18234826&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum">PubMed ID: 18234826</ulink>
</para>
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<title>model diagram</title>
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<caption>Schematic diagram of the model.</caption>
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</sect1>
</article>
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<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci>xXBpostr</ci>
<ci>x_0</ci>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>sigman</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>xXBpostr</ci>
<ci>x_0</ci>
</apply>
<ci>x_0</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>gxbmd</ci>
<ci>xbmodsp</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Qgxb</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>TmpC</ci>
<cn cellml:units="celsius">37</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="celsius">10</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="regulation_and_crossbridge_cycling_state_equations">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="XBpostr" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="XBprer" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="dXBpostr"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="dXBprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="N_NoXB" initial_value="0.99"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="P_NoXB" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="P"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="N" initial_value="0.97"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="fappT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gappT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hfT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hbT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gxbT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="kn_pT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="kp_nT"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>N_NoXB</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kp_nT</ci>
<ci>P_NoXB</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kn_pT</ci>
<ci>N_NoXB</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P_NoXB</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kn_pT</ci>
<ci>N_NoXB</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kp_nT</ci>
<ci>P_NoXB</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>N</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kp_nT</ci>
<ci>P</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kn_pT</ci>
<ci>N</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>XBprer</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dXBprer</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dXBprer</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fappT</ci>
<ci>P</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>XBpostr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gappT</ci>
<ci>XBprer</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hfT</ci>
<ci>XBprer</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>XBpostr</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dXBpostr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dXBpostr</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hfT</ci>
<ci>XBprer</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>XBpostr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>XBpostr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>P</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>N</ci>
</apply>
<ci>XBprer</ci>
</apply>
<ci>XBpostr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="mean_strain_of_strongly_bound_states">
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="out" name="xXBpostr" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="out" name="xXBprer" initial_value="0.007"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="dxXBpostr"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="dxXBprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="xPsi" initial_value="2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="dutyprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="dutypostr"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="dSL"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="x_0"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="fappT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gappT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hfT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hbT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gxbT"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>xXBprer</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dxXBprer</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dxXBprer</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>dSL</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>xPsi</ci>
<ci>dutyprer</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fappT</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>xXBprer</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>xXBpostr</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>x_0</ci>
<ci>xXBprer</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>xXBpostr</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dxXBpostr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dxXBpostr</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>dSL</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>xPsi</ci>
<ci>dutypostr</ci>
</apply>
<ci>hfT</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>xXBprer</ci>
<ci>x_0</ci>
</apply>
<ci>xXBpostr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dutyprer</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>fappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>fappT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fappT</ci>
<ci>hfT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>hfT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>gappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>fappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>gappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>fappT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dutypostr</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fappT</ci>
<ci>hfT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fappT</ci>
<ci>hfT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>hfT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>gappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>fappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hbT</ci>
<ci>gappT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxbT</ci>
<ci>fappT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="normalised_active_and_passive_force">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="SSXBpostr"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="SSXBprer"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="dSL"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="out" name="SL" initial_value="2"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="out" name="SLmin" initial_value="1.4"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="out" name="SLmax" initial_value="2.4"/>
<variable units="millinewton_per_millimetre2" name="kxb" initial_value="120"/>
<variable units="millinewton_micrometre_per_millimetre2" name="Fnordv"/>
<variable units="millinewton_micrometre_per_millimetre2" name="force"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="active"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="ppforce"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="ppforce_t"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="ppforce_c"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="preload"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="afterload"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force_millisecond" name="intf" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="SL_c" initial_value="2.25"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="SLrest" initial_value="1.85"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="SLset" initial_value="1.9"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="constant_afterload" initial_value="0.001"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="PCon_t" initial_value="0.002"/>
<variable units="per_micrometre" name="PExp_t" initial_value="10"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force" name="PCon_c" initial_value="0.02"/>
<variable units="per_micrometre" name="PExp_c" initial_value="70"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force_millisecond2_per_micrometre" name="massf" initial_value="0.00005e6"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force_millisecond_per_micrometre" name="visc" initial_value="0.003e3"/>
<variable units="unit_normalised_force_per_micrometre" name="KSE" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="x_0"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="fapp"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gapp"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hf"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hb"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gxb"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="fappT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gappT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hfT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="hbT"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="gxbT"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="XBpostr"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="XBprer"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="xXBpostr"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="xXBprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="SOVFThick"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>SSXBprer</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hb</ci>
<ci>fapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>fapp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fapp</ci>
<ci>hf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>hf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>gapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hb</ci>
<ci>fapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hb</ci>
<ci>gapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>fapp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>SSXBpostr</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fapp</ci>
<ci>hf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fapp</ci>
<ci>hf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>hf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>gapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hb</ci>
<ci>fapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>hb</ci>
<ci>gapp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gxb</ci>
<ci>fapp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Fnordv</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kxb</ci>
<ci>x_0</ci>
<ci>SSXBpostr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>force</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kxb</ci>
<ci>SOVFThick</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>xXBpostr</ci>
<ci>XBpostr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>xXBprer</ci>
<ci>XBprer</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>active</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="unit_normalised_force">1</cn>
<ci>force</ci>
</apply>
<ci>Fnordv</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>ppforce_t</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SLrest</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<abs/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SLrest</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>PCon_t</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PExp_t</ci>
<apply>
<abs/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SLrest</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>ppforce_c</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PCon_c</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PExp_c</ci>
<apply>
<abs/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SL_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SL_c</ci>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="unit_normalised_force">0</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>ppforce</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>ppforce_t</ci>
<ci>ppforce_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>preload</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<abs/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SLset</ci>
<ci>SLrest</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SLset</ci>
<ci>SLrest</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>PCon_t</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PExp_t</ci>
<apply>
<abs/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SLset</ci>
<ci>SLrest</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>afterload</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<ci>constant_afterload</ci>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SL_c</ci>
</apply>
</piece>
<piece>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>KSE</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SLset</ci>
<ci>SL</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SL_c</ci>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="unit_normalised_force">0</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>SL</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dSL</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dSL</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>intf</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>SLset</ci>
<ci>SL</ci>
</apply>
<ci>visc</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>massf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<and/>
<apply>
<leq/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SLmax</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>SL</ci>
<ci>SLmin</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="micrometre_per_millisecond">0</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>intf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>preload</ci>
<ci>afterload</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>ppforce</ci>
<ci>active</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calculation_of_micromolar_per_millisecondes_of_Ca_for_apparent_Ca_binding">
<variable units="dimensionless" name="FrSBXB"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="dFrSBXB"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" name="dsovr_ze"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" name="dsovr_cle"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" name="dlen_sovr"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="dSOVFThick"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="dSOVFThin"/>
<variable units="millinewton_per_millimetre2" name="kxb" initial_value="120"/>
<variable units="millinewton_micrometre_per_millimetre2_per_millisecond" name="dforce"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Trop_conc" initial_value="70"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="TropTot"/>
<variable units="micromolar_per_millisecond" name="dTropTot"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="dSL"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="SL"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="dXBpostr"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="dXBprer"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="dxXBpostr"/>
<variable units="micrometre_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="dxXBprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="XBpostr"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="XBprer"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="xXBpostr"/>
<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="xXBprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="SSXBpostr"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="SSXBprer"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="SOVFThick"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="SOVFThin"/>
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<variable units="micrometre" public_interface="in" name="len_thick"/>
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Rice et al.'s 2008 model of cooperative activation and crossbridge cycling in cardiac muscle using ordinary differential equations.
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