- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2006-07-09 08:03:01+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version01 of riccobene_omann_linderman_1999
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/riccobene_omann_linderman_1999/rawfile/5b66f24e8a811150de611a5b2594bccc93832b4f/riccobene_omann_linderman_1999.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!-- FILE :riccobene_model_1999.xml
CREATED : 18th October 2002
LAST MODIFIED : 9th April 2003
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
Bioengineering Institute
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the 16/01/2002 CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Riccobene, Omann and Linderman's 1999 model of the activation and desensitisation of G-protein coupled receptors.
CHANGES:
09/04/2003 - AAC - Added publication date information.
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="riccobene_omann_linderman_1999_version01" name="riccobene_omann_linderman_1999_version01">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>A Model of Activation and Desensitisation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model is coded in terms of reaction elements. A number of values are missing. Unit consistency is poor and an attempt to rebuild the model using the differential equations defined in the paper was unsuccessful due to a lack of required information in the paper.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Signalling through G-protein coupled receptors is one of the most common and most important methods of transmitting information to the inside of cells. Many mathematical models have been published to describe this type of signal transduction, but the kinetic model described by Riccobene, Omann and Linderman (1999) is unique in that it includes the dynamics of G-protein activation and desensitisation, in addition to considering active and inactive receptor states (see <xref linkend="fig_reaction_diagram"/> below). The model was used to predict how different ligands would affect the nature of the signal transduction response.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WMD-45FS9MH-1M&_coverDate=09%2F21%2F1999&_alid=60512469&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6932&_sort=d&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=eeedd4baf8e60b260f706ae4b2e8fe60">Modeling Activation and Desensitisation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Provides Insight into Ligand Efficacy</ulink>, Todd A. Riccobene, Geneva M. Omann and Jennifer J. Linderman, 1999 <ulink url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=6932&_auth=y&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=c8e64d20ff203cda2255f4b6b7affe4f">
<emphasis>Journal of Theoretical Biology</emphasis>
</ulink>, 200, 207-222. (A <ulink url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WMD-45FS9MH-1M-1&_cdi=6932&_orig=search&_coverDate=09%2F21%2F1999&_qd=1&_sk=997999997&wchp=dGLbVlb-lSzBA&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_userid=140507&md5=eac152447fa4c1ee1cb9479ee44b8e77&ie=f.pdf">PDF</ulink> version of the article is available for Journal Members on the Journal of Theoretical Biology website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10504286&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 10504286</ulink>
</para>
<para>
The raw CellML description of the model can be downloaded in various formats as described in <xref linkend="sec_download_this_model"/>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>diagram of the reaction pathway</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="riccobene_1999.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic diagram of Riccobene, Omann and Linderman's model of G-protein coupled receptor signalling. R is the inactive form of the receptor, R* is the active form of the receptor, R<subscript>ds</subscript> is the desensitised form of the receptor, L represents the ligand (in this case, N-formyl-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalaninyl-nor-leucyl-tyrosyl-lysine-fluorescein, or CHO-NLFNTK-fl), G is the inactive G-protein, G* is the activated G-protein, and LR/LR*/LR<subscript>ds</subscript> represents the ligand/receptor complex in its various forms.</caption>
</informalfigure>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
<!--
Below, we define some additional units for association with variables and
constants within the model. The identifiers are fairly self-explanatory.
-->
<units name="molar">
<unit units="mole"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="micromolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="flux">
<unit units="micromolar" exponent="1"/>
<unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="first_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="second_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="molar" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<!--
The "environment" component is used to declare variables that are used by
all or most of the other components, in this case just "time".
-->
<component name="environment">
<variable units="second" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
</component>
<!--
The following components describe all the reactants and products involved in
reactions.
-->
<component cmeta:id="Inactive_receptor" name="Inactive_receptor">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Inactive_receptor" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn4"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn6"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Inactive_receptor</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn4</ci>
<ci>delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn6</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Ligand" name="Ligand">
<variable units="molar" public_interface="out" name="Ligand" initial_value="1.0E-9"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Ligand_rxn0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Ligand_rxn4"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Ligand_rxn5"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ligand</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Ligand_rxn0</ci>
<ci>delta_Ligand_rxn4</ci>
<ci>delta_Ligand_rxn5</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Active_receptor" name="Active_receptor">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Active_receptor" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_receptor_rxn6"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_receptor_rxn5"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Active_receptor</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Active_receptor_rxn6</ci>
<ci>delta_Active_receptor_rxn5</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex" name="Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn4"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn7"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn4</ci>
<ci>delta_Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn7</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Active_receptor_ligand_complex" name="Active_receptor_ligand_complex">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Active_receptor_ligand_complex" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn5"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn7"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Active_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn5</ci>
<ci>delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn7</ci>
<ci>delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Inactive_G_protein" name="Inactive_G_protein">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Inactive_G_protein" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn3"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn2"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn8"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Inactive_G_protein</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn3</ci>
<ci>delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn2</ci>
<ci>delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn8</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Active_G_protein" name="Active_G_protein">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Active_G_protein" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn2"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn8"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn3"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Active_G_protein</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Active_G_protein_rxn2</ci>
<ci>delta_Active_G_protein_rxn8</ci>
<ci>delta_Active_G_protein_rxn3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Desensitised_receptor" name="Desensitised_receptor">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Desensitised_receptor" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Desensitised_receptor_rxn0"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Desensitised_receptor</ci>
</apply>
<ci>delta_Desensitised_receptor_rxn0</ci>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex" name="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="in" name="delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn0</ci>
<ci>delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<!--
The following components describe the reactions of the model.
-->
<component name="reaction0">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ligand"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Desensitised_receptor"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Ligand_rxn0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Desensitised_receptor_rxn0"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn0"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" name="k0" initial_value="8.4E7"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k0_" initial_value="0.0046"/>
<variable units="flux" name="rate"/>
<reaction reversible="yes">
<variable_ref variable="Ligand">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Ligand_rxn0" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Desensitised_receptor">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Desensitised_receptor_rxn0" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn0" role="product"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="rate">
<role role="rate">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>rate</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k0</ci>
<ci>Ligand</ci>
<ci>Desensitised_receptor</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k0_</ci>
<ci>Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</role>
</variable_ref>
</reaction>
</component>
<component name="reaction1">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_receptor_ligand_complex"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k1" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="flux" name="rate"/>
<reaction reversible="no">
<variable_ref variable="Active_receptor_ligand_complex">
<role stoichiometry="1" delta_variable="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex">
<role stoichiometry="1" delta_variable="delta_Desensitised_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn1" role="product"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="rate">
<role role="rate">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>rate</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k1</ci>
<ci>Active_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</role>
</variable_ref>
</reaction>
</component>
<component name="reaction2">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_receptor_ligand_complex"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Inactive_G_protein"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_G_protein"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn2"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn2"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k2" initial_value="1.0E-7"/>
<variable units="flux" name="rate"/>
<reaction reversible="no">
<variable_ref variable="Active_receptor_ligand_complex">
<role role="catalyst"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Inactive_G_protein">
<role stoichiometry="1" delta_variable="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn2" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Active_G_protein">
<role stoichiometry="1" delta_variable="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn2" role="product"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="rate">
<role role="rate">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>rate</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k2</ci>
<ci>Inactive_G_protein</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</role>
</variable_ref>
</reaction>
</component>
<component name="reaction3">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_G_protein"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Inactive_G_protein"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn3"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn3"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k3" initial_value="0.2"/>
<variable units="flux" name="rate"/>
<reaction reversible="no">
<variable_ref variable="Active_G_protein">
<role stoichiometry="1" delta_variable="delta_Active_G_protein_rxn3" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Inactive_G_protein">
<role stoichiometry="1" delta_variable="delta_Inactive_G_protein_rxn3" role="product"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="rate">
<role role="rate">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>rate</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k3</ci>
<ci>Active_G_protein</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</role>
</variable_ref>
</reaction>
</component>
<component name="reaction4">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Inactive_receptor"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ligand"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn4"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Ligand_rxn4"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn4"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" name="k4" initial_value="8.4E7"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k4_" initial_value="0.37"/>
<variable units="flux" name="rate"/>
<reaction reversible="yes">
<variable_ref variable="Inactive_receptor">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn4" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Ligand">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Ligand_rxn4" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn4" role="product"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="rate">
<role role="rate">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>rate</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k4</ci>
<ci>Inactive_receptor</ci>
<ci>Ligand</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k4_</ci>
<ci>Inactive_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</role>
</variable_ref>
</reaction>
</component>
<component name="reaction5">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_receptor"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ligand"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_receptor_ligand_complex"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Active_receptor_rxn5"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Ligand_rxn5"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn5"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" name="k5" initial_value="8.4E10"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k5_" initial_value="0.37"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="alpha" initial_value="1.0E3"/>
<variable units="flux" name="rate"/>
<reaction reversible="yes">
<variable_ref variable="Active_receptor">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Active_receptor_rxn5" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Ligand">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Ligand_rxn5" role="reactant"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="Active_receptor_ligand_complex">
<role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_Active_receptor_ligand_complex_rxn5" role="product"/>
</variable_ref>
<variable_ref variable="rate">
<role role="rate">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>rate</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>k5</ci>
<ci>Active_receptor</ci>
<ci>Ligand</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k5_</ci>
<ci>Active_receptor_ligand_complex</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</role>
</variable_ref>
</reaction>
</component>
<component name="reaction6">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Inactive_receptor"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Active_receptor"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Inactive_receptor_rxn6"/>
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="delta_Active_receptor_rxn6"/>
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<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k6_" initial_value="1.0E5"/>
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Riccobene, Omann and Linderman's 1999 model of the activation and
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The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute
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Modeling Activation and Desensitisation of G-Protein Coupled
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