- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2006-09-04 00:15:28+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version02 of nowak_bangham_1996
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/nowak_bangham_1996/rawfile/eae7a24a8f59ef617110201f39b852d0649c5668/nowak_bangham_1996.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!-- FILE : nowak_model_II_1996.xml
CREATED : 10th December 2003
LAST MODIFIED : 10th December 2003
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
Bioengineering Institute
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the 16/1/02 CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Nowak and Bangham's 2nd 1996 mathematical model of population dynamics of immune repsonses to persistent viruses.
CHANGES:
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="nowak_bangham_1996_version02" name="nowak_bangham_1996_version02">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Modelling the Population Dynamics of Immune Responses to Persistent Viruses</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model is currently non-functional in existing CellML tools.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Although advances in molecular techniques have lead to the elucidation of data on the mechanisms of immune recognition, still little is known about the population dynamics of the immune response. This is where mathematical models will begin to play an important role. For example in HIV infection, mathematical models have been developed to describe the slow decline in CD4<superscript>+</superscript> cells over many years, the interaction between HIV and other opportunistic infections, the emergence of drug-resistant viruses, and the consequences of antigenic diversity and viral evolution during single infections. In the study described here, Nowak and Bangham develop a mathematical framework for viral replication and immune responses (see <xref linkend="fig_cell_diagram"/> below). In particular they focus on virus-host cell interaction and the consequences of immune responses on virus load and antigenic diversity.
</para>
<para>
The paper presents three models:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The first is a simple model which represents the interaction between a replicating virus and host cells;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the second model includes immune responses against infected cells;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>and in the third model the virus mutates, both in terms of replication ability and escape from immune responses.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
The author's approach was to consider the simplest models and to explore the relation between antiviral immune responses, viral load, and virus diversity.
</para>
<para>
The model has been described here in CellML (the raw CellML description of the Nowak and Bangham 1996 model can be downloaded in various formats as described in <xref linkend="sec_download_this_model"/>).
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/272/5258/74?ck=nck">Population Dynamics of Immune Responses to Persistent Viruses</ulink>, Martin A. Nowak and Charles R. M. Bangham, 1996, <ulink url="http://www.sciencemag.org/index.dtl">
<emphasis>Science</emphasis>
</ulink>, 272, 74-79. (<ulink url="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/272/5258/74"> A PDF</ulink> version of the article is available on the <emphasis>Science</emphasis> website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600540">PubMed ID: 8600540</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
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<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>cell diagram</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="nowak_1996.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>Schematic diagram of a model for virus-CTL interaction.</caption>
</informalfigure>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
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<rdf:li>immunology</rdf:li>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>1996-04-05</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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Nowak and Bangham's 2nd 1996 mathematical model of population dynamics of immune repsonses to persistent viruses.
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The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute
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