Location: Margaridamartins, Mendes, Coreiro, Pocesfreire, 2001 @ 362fd10dda42 / margaridamartins_mendes_coreiro_pocesfreire_2001.cellml

Author:
pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
Date:
2006-07-09 07:19:25+12:00
Desc:
committing version01 of margaridamartins_mendes_coreiro_pocesfreire_2001
Permanent Source URI:
https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/margaridamartins_mendes_coreiro_pocesfreire_2001/rawfile/362fd10dda4210761d35740d8c2ab88b996cbadc/margaridamartins_mendes_coreiro_pocesfreire_2001.cellml

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--  FILE :  glyoxalase_pathway_2001_raw.xml

CREATED :  September 2001

LAST MODIFIED : 9th April 2003

AUTHOR :  Catherine Lloyd
          Department of Engineering Science
          The University of Auckland
          
MODEL STATUS :  This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification released on 16th
January, 2002.

DESCRIPTION :  This file contains a CellML description of the glyoxalase pathway
model from Martins, Mendes, Cordeiro and Freire.

CHANGES: 
  19/10/2001 - CML - Removed document type definition as this is declared as
                     optional according to the WC3 recommendation.  
  24/10/2001 - CML - Made changes to some of the metadata, bringing them up to
                     date with the most recent working draft (26th September) of
                     the Metadata specification. 
  22/01/2002 - AAC - Updated metadata to conform to the 16/1/02 CellML Metadata
                     1.0 Specification.
  22/07/2002 - CML - Added more metadata.
  09/04/2003 - AAC - Added publication date information.  
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="margaridamartins_mendes_coreiro_pocesfreire_2001_version01" name="margaridamartins_mendes_coreiro_pocesfreire_2001_version01">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
  <articleinfo>
  <title>Glyoxalase Pathway Model from Martins et al 2001</title>
  <author>
    <firstname>Catherine</firstname>
          <surname>Lloyd</surname>
    <affiliation>
      <shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
    </affiliation>
  </author>
</articleinfo>
  <section id="sec_status">
    <title>Model Status</title>
    <para>
            This is the original unchecked version of the model imported from the previous
            CellML model repository, 24-Jan-2006.
          </para>
  </section>
  <sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>

<para>
In 2001, Margarida Martins <emphasis>et al</emphasis> published a paper which studied the kinetics of glyoxalase I and II <emphasis>in situ</emphasis> within <emphasis>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</emphasis> cells.  The glyoxalase pathway is an enzymatic system which is widely distributed in living organisms (see <xref linkend="fig_pathway_diagram"/> below).  One possible physiological function of the pathway may be the detoxification of the cytotoxin methylglyoxal, a by-product of metabolism.  Another essential role of the glyoxalase pathway may be preventing the synthesis of advanced glycation end-products (AGE).  These macromolecules are associated with diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. 
</para>

<para>
For the reasons stated above, Margarida Martins <emphasis>et al</emphasis> believe it is important to understand how the glyoxalase system works in the detoxification of methylglyoxal <emphasis>in vivo</emphasis>.  They addressed this problem by studying the kinetics of both enzymes <emphasis>in situ</emphasis> using permeabilised yeast cells.
</para>

<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>

<para>
<ulink url="http://www.ejbiochem.org/cgi/content/abstract/268/14/3930">In situ kinetic analysis of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II in <emphasis>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</emphasis>
          </ulink>, Margarida Martins, A. <emphasis>et al</emphasis>, 2001, <ulink url="http://www.ejbiochem.org/">
            <emphasis>Eur. J. Biochem</emphasis>
          </ulink>, 268, 3930-3936.  (The <ulink url="http://www.ejbiochem.org/cgi/content/full/268/14/3930">full text</ulink> and <ulink url="http://www.ejbiochem.org/cgi/reprint/268/14/3930">PDF</ulink> versions of the article are available to subscribers on the <emphasis>European Journal of Biochemistry</emphasis>'s  website.)  <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11453985&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 11453985</ulink>
</para>

<para>
The raw CellML description of the glyoxalase pathway model can be downloaded in various formats as described in <xref linkend="sec_download_this_model"/>.  For an example of a more complete documentation of another real reaction pathway, see <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_BI_EGF_INTRO}">The Bhalla Iyengar EGF Pathway Model, 1999</ulink>. 
</para>

<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_pathway_diagram">
<mediaobject>
  <imageobject>
    <objectinfo>
      <title>the conventional rendering of the glyoxalase pathway</title>
    </objectinfo>
    <imagedata fileref="conventional_rendering.gif"/>
  </imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A rendering of the glyoxalase pathway. Species are represented by rounded rectangles, and reactions by arrows. The action of a catalyst on a reaction is represented by dashed lines.</caption>
</informalfigure>

<para>
In CellML, models are thought of as connected networks of discrete components. These components may correspond to physiologically separated regions or chemically distinct objects, or may be useful modelling abstractions. This pathway model has ten components representing chemically distinct objects (seven chemical species and three reactions). The CellML rendering of the glyoxalase pathway model is shown in  <xref linkend="fig_cellml_rendering"/> (the different shapes in the diagram are explained in the <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_GRAPHICAL_NOTATION}">notation guide</ulink>).  The action of a catalyst on a reaction is again represented by dashed lines.  
</para>

<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cellml_rendering">
<mediaobject>
  <imageobject>
    <objectinfo>
      <title>the cellml rendering of the glyoxalase pathway</title>
    </objectinfo>
    <imagedata fileref="cellml_rendering.gif"/>
  </imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>The CellML rendering of the glyoxalase pathway.  The action of a catalyst on a reaction is demonstrated by dashed lines.</caption>
</informalfigure>

</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
  
  
  <!--
    Below, we define some additional units for association with variables and
    constants within the model. The identifiers are fairly self-explanatory.
  -->
  
  <units name="concentration_units">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="flux_units">
    <unit units="concentration_units"/>
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1" multiplier="60.0"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="first_order_rate_constant">
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1" multiplier="60.0"/>
  </units>

  <units name="second_order_rate_constant">
    <unit units="concentration_units" exponent="-1"/>
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1" multiplier="60.0"/>
  </units>

  <!--
    The environment component is used to declare variables
    that are used by all or most of the other components. Variables
    must be declared inside of a <component> element.
  -->
  <component name="environment">
    <variable units="second" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
  </component>
  
  
  <!--
    The first components of this CellML description correspond to the reactants 
    and products in the reactions of the glyoxalase pathway.  They are primarily
    used to store the concentrations of each of the metabolites. These variables
    are given the same name as their parent component, and exposed to the rest  
    of the model by having a public_interface value of "out". Each reaction     
    calculates the rate of change of concentration of each of the metabolites as
    a result of that reaction, and the results are returned as fluxes (the      
    "delta" variables in the metabolite components), which are then passed back 
    to the components representing the chemical species. These variables        
    therefore have a public_interface value of in. Because the concentration    
    variables are continuous functions of time, the time variable must also be  
    declared.

    Although it would be possible to define all of the chemical species and
    the reaction in the same component, it is recommended best practice to
    put each chemical species and each reaction in its own component. This
    makes it easier to combine this model with other pathway models, or merge
    it with electro-physiological or other classes of model.
  -->
  <component name="methylglyoxal">
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="methylglyoxal"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_methylglyoxal"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>

    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq/>
         <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> methylglyoxal </ci>
        </apply>
        <ci> delta_methylglyoxal </ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  
  <!--
    The chemical species "GSH" is involved in two reactions in this model. 
    Therefore, it has two "delta" variables: one to represent the change
    in its concentration due to the "HTA_synthesis_rxn", and the other to       
    represent the change in its concentration due to the "Glx_II_reaction". The 
    mathematical expression defining how the changes in concentration due to the
    two reactions are to be merged into a global rate of change of GSH with     
    respect to time is stored in this component. In this model, the two delta
    variables are simply summed. 
  -->
  <component cmeta:id="GSH" name="GSH">
    
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="GSH"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_GSH_HTA"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_GSH_GlxII"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>

    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq/>
         <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> GSH </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> delta_GSH_HTA </ci>
          <ci> delta_GSH_GlxII </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  
  <!--
    Similarly, "HTA" is involved in two reactions.  It forms the product of the 
    "HTA_synthesis_rxn", and it is a reactant in the "Glx_I_reaction".
  -->
  <component cmeta:id="HTA" name="HTA">
    
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="HTA"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_HTA_GSH"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_HTA_GlxI"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>

    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq/>
         <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> HTA </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> delta_HTA_GSH </ci>
          <ci> delta_HTA_GlxI </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  
  <component cmeta:id="SDLGSH" name="SDLGSH">
    
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="SDLGSH"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_SDLGSH_GlxI"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_SDLGSH_GlxII"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>

    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> SDLGSH </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> delta_SDLGSH_GlxI </ci>
          <ci> delta_SDLGSH_GlxII </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  
  <component name="D_lactate">
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="D_lactate"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="in" name="delta_D_lactate"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>

    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq/>
         <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> D_lactate </ci>
        </apply>
        <ci> delta_D_lactate </ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  
  <!--
    "Glx_I" and "Glx_II" only participate in this reaction pathway as enzyme    
    catalysts.  Their concentrations remain constant, therefore there are no    
    mathematical equations in these components.
  -->
  <component cmeta:id="Glx_I" name="Glx_I">
    
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="Glx_I"/>
  </component>
  
  
  <component cmeta:id="Glx_II" name="Glx_II">
    
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="out" name="Glx_II"/>
  </component>
  
  
  <!--
    The "HTA_synthesis_rxn" component contains the definition of the first
    reaction in the glyoxalase pathway, importing the concentrations of the     
    reactants (GSH and methylglyoxal) and product (HTA) and calculating the     
    change in their concentrations (the delta variables) for export back to the 
    components where these concentrations are declared (defined above).
  -->
  <component name="HTA_synthesis_rxn">
    <!-- These variables are modifiable elsewhere and imported. -->
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="GSH"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="methylglyoxal"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="HTA"/>

    <!-- These variables are modifiable in this component and exported. -->
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_GSH_HTA"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_methylglyoxal"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_HTA_GSH"/>
    
    <!--
      k_forward and k_reverse are the forward and reverse rate constants,
      respectively. "r" is the reaction rate, or extent of the reaction.
      They are not used by any other component in the model, and therefore
      have no public or private interface.
    -->
    <variable units="second_order_rate_constant" name="k_forward"/>
    <variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="k_reverse"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" name="r"/>
    
    <!--
      The <reaction> element is used to indicate which chemical species are
      participating in this reaction, and what role they play in the reaction.
    -->
    <reaction reversible="yes">
      <variable_ref variable="GSH">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_GSH_HTA" role="reactant"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="methylglyoxal">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_methylglyoxal" role="reactant"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="HTA">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_HTA_GSH" role="product"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="r">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply>
              <eq/>
              <ci> r </ci>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <ci> k_forward </ci>
                    <ci> GSH </ci>
                    <ci> methylglyoxal </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> k_reverse </ci>
                  <ci> HTA </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>

  </component>
  
  
  <component name="Glx_I_reaction">
    <!-- These variables are modifiable elsewhere and imported. -->
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="HTA"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="SDLGSH"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="Glx_I"/>
        
    
    <!-- These variables are modifiable in this component and exported. -->
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_HTA_GlxI"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_SDLGSH_GlxI"/>

    <!-- These variables are internal to this component. -->
    <variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="Vmax" initial_value="0.0318"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" name="km" initial_value="0.53"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" name="r"/>
    
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="HTA">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_HTA_GlxI" role="reactant"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="SDLGSH">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_SDLGSH_GlxI" role="product"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Glx_I">
        <role role="catalyst"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="r">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply>
              <eq/>
              <ci> r </ci>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> Vmax </ci>
                  <ci> HTA </ci>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> km </ci>
                  <ci> HTA </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>
  
  
  <component name="Glx_II_reaction">
    <!-- These variables are modifiable elsewhere and imported. -->
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="SDLGSH"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="Glx_II"/>  
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="D_lactate"/>     
    <variable units="concentration_units" public_interface="in" name="GSH"/>  
      
    
    <!-- These variables are modifiable in this component and exported. -->
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_SDLGSH_GlxII"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_D_lactate"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" public_interface="out" name="delta_GSH_GlxII"/>

    <!-- These variables are internal to this component. -->
    <variable units="first_order_rate_constant" name="Vmax" initial_value="0.00103"/>
    <variable units="concentration_units" name="km" initial_value="0.32"/>
    <variable units="flux_units" name="r"/>
    
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="SDLGSH">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_SDLGSH_GlxII" role="reactant"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="D_lactate">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_D_lactate" role="product"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="GSH">
        <role stoichiometry="1" direction="forward" delta_variable="delta_GSH_GlxII" role="product"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Glx_II">
        <role role="catalyst"/>
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="r">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply>
              <eq/>
              <ci> r </ci>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> Vmax </ci>
                  <ci> SDLGSH </ci>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> km </ci>
                  <ci> SDLGSH </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>
       
  
  <!--
   The following connections distribute the variable "time" to all of the
   reactant and product components.
  -->
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="methylglyoxal" component_1="environment"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="GSH" component_1="environment"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="HTA" component_1="environment"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="SDLGSH" component_1="environment"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="D_lactate" component_1="environment"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <!-- Connections for the HTA synthesis reaction.  -->
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="HTA_synthesis_rxn" component_1="methylglyoxal"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="methylglyoxal" variable_1="methylglyoxal"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_methylglyoxal" variable_1="delta_methylglyoxal"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="HTA_synthesis_rxn" component_1="GSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="GSH" variable_1="GSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_GSH_HTA" variable_1="delta_GSH_HTA"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="HTA_synthesis_rxn" component_1="HTA"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="HTA" variable_1="HTA"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_HTA_GSH" variable_1="delta_HTA_GSH"/>
  </connection>
  
  <!-- Connections for the Glx I reaction.  -->
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_I_reaction" component_1="HTA"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="HTA" variable_1="HTA"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_HTA_GlxI" variable_1="delta_HTA_GlxI"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_I_reaction" component_1="Glx_I"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Glx_I" variable_1="Glx_I"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_I_reaction" component_1="SDLGSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="SDLGSH" variable_1="SDLGSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_SDLGSH_GlxI" variable_1="delta_SDLGSH_GlxI"/>
  </connection>
  
  <!-- Connections for the Glx II reaction.  -->
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_II_reaction" component_1="SDLGSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="SDLGSH" variable_1="SDLGSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_SDLGSH_GlxII" variable_1="delta_SDLGSH_GlxII"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_II_reaction" component_1="D_lactate"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="D_lactate" variable_1="D_lactate"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_D_lactate" variable_1="delta_D_lactate"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_II_reaction" component_1="GSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="GSH" variable_1="GSH"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="delta_GSH_GlxII" variable_1="delta_GSH_GlxII"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Glx_II_reaction" component_1="Glx_II"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Glx_II" variable_1="Glx_II"/>
  </connection>
       

<rdf:RDF>
  <rdf:Seq rdf:about="rdf:#f32b084a-f2b4-45ba-b625-6ee772906ecd">
    <rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#03c5bce1-7316-404b-a648-ba9d431a8ded"/>
    <rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#4e962656-761d-4a43-a30c-4a31f15e83ec"/>
    <rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#8b8a0d8a-310d-40a1-a3e7-c6d27b06b81b"/>
    <rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#beef55bb-c6be-4611-b982-c715f2259b13"/>
  </rdf:Seq>
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            In situ kinetic analysis of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II in                    Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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