Rendering of the source text

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--  FILE :  riemer_SAC_model_1998.xml

CREATED :  2nd January 2003

LAST MODIFIED : 13th August 2003

AUTHOR :  Catherine Lloyd
          The Bioengineering Institute
          The University of Auckland
          
MODEL STATUS :  This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification released on 16th
January, 2002.

DESCRIPTION :  This file contains a CellML description of Riemer et al's 1998 mathematical model of stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.  This model is based on the the Luo-Rudy I model, 1991.  

CHANGES: 
  05/04/2003 - AAC - Changed the model name so the model loads in the database 
                     easier.
  13/08/2003 - CML - Corrected equations.
  
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="riemer_sobie_tung_1998_version01" name="riemer_sobie_tung_1998_version01">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
  <articleinfo>
  <title>Modelling Cardiac Stretch-Induced Arrhythmogenesis</title>
  <author>
    <firstname>Catherine</firstname>
          <surname>Lloyd</surname>
    <affiliation>
      <shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
    </affiliation>
  </author>
</articleinfo>
  <section id="sec_status">
    <title>Model Status</title>
    <para>
            This is the original unchecked version of the model imported from the previous
            CellML model repository, 24-Jan-2006.
          </para>
  </section>
  <sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>

<para>
Cardiac mechanoelectric coupling (that is, the influence of mechanical activity on the electrical state of the heart) has been well documented.  It has been suggested that hearts that have been mechanically compromised by congestive heart failure display an increased prevalence of arrhythmia.  In addition, <emphasis>in vitro</emphasis> studies have shown that sudden cardiac tissue stretch can stimulate arrhythmias.  One hypothesised mechanism for the stretch sensitivity of cardiac muscle is the presence of stretch-activated channels (SACs). 
</para>

<para>
In their 1998 study, Riemer <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> investigate the potential role of SACs in excitability and arrhythmogenesis.  To do this they added a linear, time-independent, stretch-sensitive current to the Luo-Rudy membrane model for guinea pig ventricular myocytes (see <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_LR_I_MODEL}">Luo-Rudy I model</ulink> and <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_UPDATED_LR_II_MODEL}">Zeng <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> 1995 model</ulink> for more details, and also see the figure below).  Model simulations showed that increased stretch conductance led to resting potential depolarisation, a decreased excitation threshold, altered action potential duration, and, under certain conditions, early afterdepolarisations.  From these results Riemer <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> concluded that stretch increases cellular excitability, making the heart prone to ectopic activity.  Regional effects of stretch on action potential are influenced by factors such as the SAC reversal potential, ionic conditions and baseline refractoriness throughout the heart and therefore an increased risk of arrhythmia. </para>

<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>

<para>
<ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/275/2/H431">Stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability in experimentally based heart cell models</ulink>, Tara L. Riemer, Eric A. Sobie, and Leslie Tung, 1998, <ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/">
            <emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
          </ulink>, 275, H431-H442.  (<ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/275/2/H431">Full text</ulink> and <ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/275/2/H431.pdf">PDF</ulink> versions of the article are available for journal members on the American Journal of Physiology website.)  <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=9683430&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 9683430</ulink> 
</para>

<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
  <imageobject>
    <objectinfo>
      <title>cell diagram</title>
    </objectinfo>
    <imagedata fileref="riemer_1998.png"/>
  </imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic diagram describing the ionic components of the Riemer <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> 1998 mathematical model of a guinea pig ventricular myocyte.  The model is based on the Luo-Rudy dynamic model, with an added stretch-activated channel (SAC).</caption>
</informalfigure>

</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
  
  
  <!--
    Below, we define some additional units for association with variables and
    constants within the model. 
  -->
  
  <units name="millisecond">
    <unit units="second" prefix="milli"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="per_millisecond">
    <unit units="second" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>

  <units name="millivolt">
    <unit units="volt" prefix="milli"/>
  </units>

  <units name="per_millivolt">
    <unit units="volt" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="per_millivolt_millisecond">
    <unit units="millivolt" exponent="-1"/>
    <unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="milliS_per_microF">
    <unit units="siemens" prefix="milli"/>
    <unit units="farad" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="microS_per_microF">
    <unit units="siemens" prefix="micro"/>
    <unit units="farad" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="milliS_per_cm2">
    <unit units="siemens" prefix="milli"/>
    <unit units="metre" prefix="centi" exponent="-2"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="nanoS_per_cm2">
    <unit units="siemens" prefix="nano"/>
    <unit units="metre" prefix="centi" exponent="-2"/>
  </units>

  <units name="microF">
    <unit units="farad" prefix="micro"/>
  </units>

  <units name="microA_per_microF">
    <unit units="ampere" prefix="micro"/>
    <unit units="farad" prefix="micro" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="millimolar_per_millisecond">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
    <unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="millimolar">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="micromolar">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="micro"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin">
    <unit units="joule"/>
    <unit units="mole" prefix="kilo" exponent="-1"/>
    <unit units="kelvin" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="coulomb_per_mole">
    <unit units="coulomb"/>
    <unit units="mole" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="cm_per_second">
    <unit units="metre" prefix="centi"/>
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="mm2">
    <unit units="metre" prefix="milli" exponent="2"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="micro_litre">
    <unit units="litre" prefix="micro"/>
  </units>
  
  
  <component name="environment">
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
  </component>
  
  <component name="membrane">
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="V" initial_value="-86.5"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="out" name="R" initial_value="8314.0"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="out" name="T" initial_value="310.0"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="out" name="F" initial_value="96500.0"/>
    
    <variable units="microF" name="Cm" initial_value="1.0"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_st" initial_value="-100.0"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_L"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_T"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kr"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ks"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kp"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_p_Ca"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na_b"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_b"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_ns_Ca"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_s"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="membrane_voltage_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> V </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <ci> Cm </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <ci> i_Na </ci>
            <ci> i_Ca_L </ci>
            <ci> i_Ca_T </ci>
            <ci> i_Kr </ci>
            <ci> i_Ks </ci>
            <ci> i_K1 </ci>
            <ci> i_Kp </ci>
            <ci> i_NaCa </ci>
            <ci> i_p_Ca </ci>
            <ci> i_Na_b </ci>
            <ci> i_Ca_b </ci>
            <ci> i_NaK </ci>
            <ci> i_ns_Ca </ci>
            <ci> i_s </ci>
            <ci> I_st </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="fast_sodium_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Na"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_Na"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Na" initial_value="16.0"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
   
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="m"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="h"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="j"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="i_Na_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Na </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Na </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <ci> m </ci>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <ci> h </ci>
          <ci> j </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_Na </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="E_Na_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_Na </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
            <ci> F </ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln/>                
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Nao </ci>
              <ci> Nai </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply> 
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="fast_sodium_current_m_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="m"/>
        
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_m"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_m"/>

     <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
   
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="alpha_m_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> alpha_m </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> 0.32 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 47.13 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.1 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 47.13 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="beta_m_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> beta_m </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.08 </cn>
          <apply>
            <exp/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <ci> V </ci>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 11.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="dm_dt">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> m </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> alpha_m </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <ci> m </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> beta_m </ci>
            <ci> m </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="fast_sodium_current_h_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="h"/>
        
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_h"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_h"/>

    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="alpha_h_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> alpha_h </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.135 </cn>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 80.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -6.8 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <lt/>
              <ci> V </ci> 
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -40.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.0 </cn>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
       
       
      <apply id="beta_h_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> beta_h </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 3.56 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 0.079 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 310000.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 0.35 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <lt/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -40.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 0.13 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                  <apply>
                    <exp/>
                    <apply>
                      <divide/>
                      <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <apply>
                          <plus/>
                          <ci> V </ci>
                          <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.66 </cn>
                        </apply>
                      </apply>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 11.1 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="dh_dt">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> h </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> alpha_h </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <ci> h </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> beta_h </ci>
            <ci> h </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="fast_sodium_current_j_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="j"/>
        
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_j"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_j"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="alpha_j_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> alpha_j </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> -127140.0
</cn>
                  <apply>
                    <exp/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/> 
                      <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 0.2444 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> 0.00003474 </cn>
                  <apply>
                    <exp/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.04391 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 37.78 </cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                  <apply>
                    <exp/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 0.311 </cn>
                      <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci> V </ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 79.23 </cn>
                      </apply>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <lt/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -40.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.0 </cn>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
       
      <apply id="beta_j_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> beta_j </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.1212 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.01052 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.1378 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>       
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 40.14 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <lt/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -40.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.3 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.0000002535 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>                                                
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.1 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 32.0 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>                                                            
          </otherwise> 
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="dj_dt">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> j </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> alpha_j </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <ci> j </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> beta_j </ci>
            <ci> j </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="L_type_Ca_channel">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_L"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_CaCa"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_CaK"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_CaNa"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="gamma_Nai" initial_value="0.75"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="gamma_Nao" initial_value="0.75"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="gamma_Ki" initial_value="0.75"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="gamma_Ko" initial_value="0.75"/>
    
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_CaCa"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_CaK"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_CaNa"/>
    <variable units="cm_per_second" name="P_Ca" initial_value="0.00054"/>
    <variable units="cm_per_second" name="P_Na" initial_value="0.000000675"/>
    <variable units="cm_per_second" name="P_K" initial_value="0.000000193"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="gamma_Cai" initial_value="1.0"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="gamma_Cao" initial_value="0.34"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="d"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f_Ca"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">    
      <apply id="i_CaCa_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_CaCa </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> d </ci>
          <ci> f </ci>
          <ci> f_Ca </ci>
          <ci> I_CaCa </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_CaNa_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_CaNa </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> d </ci>
          <ci> f </ci>
          <ci> f_Ca </ci>
          <ci> I_CaNa </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_CaK_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_CaK </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> d </ci>
          <ci> f </ci>
          <ci> f_Ca </ci>
          <ci> I_CaK </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="I_CaCa_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> I_CaCa </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> P_Ca </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> F </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Cai </ci>
                <ci> Cai </ci>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci> 
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Cao </ci>
                <ci> Cao </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <ci> R </ci>
                    <ci> T </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="I_CaNa_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> I_CaNa </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> P_Na </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> F </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Nai </ci>
                <ci> Nai </ci>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci> 
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Nao </ci>
                <ci> Nao </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <ci> R </ci>
                    <ci> T </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="I_CaK_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> I_CaK </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> P_K </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> F </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Ki </ci>
                <ci> Ki </ci>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci> 
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Ko </ci>
                <ci> Ko </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <ci> R </ci>
                    <ci> T </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
          
      <apply id="i_Ca_L_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Ca_L </ci>
        <apply> <plus/>
          <ci> i_CaCa </ci>
          <ci> i_CaK </ci>
          <ci> i_CaNa </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="L_type_Ca_channel_d_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="d"/> 

    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_d"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_d"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="d_infinity"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_d"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="alpha_d_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> alpha_d </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> d_infinity </ci>
          <ci> tau_d </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="d_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> d_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.0 </cn>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 6.24 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="tau_d_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> tau_d </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> d_infinity </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.0 </cn>
                    </apply>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 6.24 </cn>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> 0.035 </cn>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <ci> V </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply> 
      
      <apply id="beta_d_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> beta_d </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <ci> d_infinity </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_d </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="dd_dt">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> d </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> alpha_d </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <ci> d </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> beta_d </ci>
            <ci> d </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="L_type_Ca_channel_f_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f"/> 

    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_f"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_f"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="f_infinity"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_f"/>
    
     <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="alpha_f_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> alpha_f </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> f_infinity </ci>
          <ci> tau_f </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="f_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> f_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 35.06 </cn>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 8.6 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.6 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <minus/>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 50.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 20.0 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="tau_f_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> tau_f </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0197 </cn>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <power/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 0.0337 </cn>
                      <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci> V </ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.0 </cn>
                      </apply>
                    </apply>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.02 </cn>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
        
      <apply id="beta_f_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> beta_f </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <ci> f_infinity </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_f </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="df_dt">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> f </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> alpha_f </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <ci> f </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> beta_f </ci>
            <ci> f </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="L_type_Ca_channel_f_Ca_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_Ca"/> 

    <variable units="micromolar" name="Km_Ca" initial_value="0.6"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="f_Ca_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> f_Ca </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
              <ci> Km_Ca </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="T_type_Ca_channel">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_T"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Ca_T" initial_value="0.05"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_Ca"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
  
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="b"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="g"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">    
      <apply id="i_Ca_T_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Ca_T </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Ca_T </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <ci> b </ci>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <ci> g </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_Ca </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="E_Ca_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_Ca </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              <ci> F </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Cao </ci>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="T_type_Ca_channel_b_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="b"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="b_infinity"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_b"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="b_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> b </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> b_infinity </ci>
            <ci> b </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_b </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="b_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> b_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 14.0 </cn>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.8 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>   
     
      <apply id="tau_b_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> tau_b </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> 3.7 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> 6.1 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 25.0 </cn>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 4.5 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="T_type_Ca_channel_g_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="g"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="g_infinity"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_g"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="g_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> g </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> g_infinity </ci>
            <ci> g </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_g </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="g_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> g_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 60.0 </cn>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 5.6 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
  
      <apply id="tau_g_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> tau_g </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 12.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <gt/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 0.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> -0.875 </cn>
                <ci> V </ci>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 12.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>  
  
  <component name="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kr"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kr"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_Kr"/>
   
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="Xr"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="Rr"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="g_Kr_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> g_Kr </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <cn cellml:units="milliS_per_microF"> 0.02614 </cn>
          <apply>
            <root/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Ko </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 5.4 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>                                                              
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="E_Kr_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_Kr </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
            <ci> F </ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Ko </ci>
              <ci> Ki </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
        
      <apply id="i_Kr_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Kr </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Kr </ci>
          <ci> Xr </ci>
          <ci> Rr </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_Kr </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Xr"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="Xr_infinity"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_Xr"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="Xr_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Xr </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> Xr_infinity </ci>
            <ci> Xr </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_Xr </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="Xr_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Xr_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 21.5 </cn>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 7.5 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="tau_Xr_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> tau_Xr </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.00138 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 14.2 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.123 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 14.2 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.00061 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 38.9 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.145 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 38.9 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
            
  <component name="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Rr_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Rr"/>

    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="Rr_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Rr </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 9.0 </cn>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 22.4 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ks"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Ks"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_Ks"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="P_NaK" initial_value="0.01833"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="P_Ca"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="Xs"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="g_Ks_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> g_Ks </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="milliS_per_microF"> 0.057 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="milliS_per_microF"> 0.19 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -7.2 </cn>
                  <ci> P_Ca </ci>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.6 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>  
      
      <apply id="E_Ks_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_Ks </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
            <ci> F </ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <ci> Ko </ci>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> P_NaK </ci>
                  <ci> Nao </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <ci> Ki </ci>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> P_NaK </ci>
                  <ci> Nai </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="P_Ca_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> P_Ca </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <log/>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
        </apply>
      </apply>

      <apply id="i_Ks_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Ks </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Ks </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <ci> Xs </ci>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_Ks </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xs_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Xs"/>
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="tau_Xs"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="Xs_infinity"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="Xs_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Xs </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> Xs_infinity </ci>
            <ci> Xs </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_Xs </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="Xs_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Xs_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -1.5 </cn>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 16.7 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="tau_Xs_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> tau_Xs </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0000719 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 30.0 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.148 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 30.0 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.000131 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 30.0 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0687 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 30.0 </cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="time_independent_potassium_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" private_interface="out" name="E_K1"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_K1"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/> 
    
    <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="K1_infinity"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="g_K1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> g_K1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <cn cellml:units="milliS_per_microF"> 0.75 </cn>
          <apply>
            <root/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Ko </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 5.4 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
        
      <apply id="E_K1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_K1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
            <ci> F </ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Ko </ci>
              <ci> Ki </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_K1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_K1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_K1 </ci>
          <ci> K1_infinity </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>     
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_K1 </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate">
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="K1_infinity"/> 
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_K1"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_K1"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K1"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="alpha_K1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> alpha_K1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 1.02 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 0.2385 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <minus/>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <ci> E_K1 </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 59.215 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
          
      <apply id="beta_K1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> beta_K1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.49124 </cn>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <minus/>
                    <apply>
                      <plus/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 5.476 </cn>
                    </apply>
                    <ci> E_K1 </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 12.45 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> E_K1 </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 594.31 </cn>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 16.2 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.5143 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> E_K1 </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 4.753 </cn>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
          
      <apply id="K1_infinity_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> K1_infinity </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> alpha_K1 </ci>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <ci> alpha_K1 </ci>
            <ci> beta_K1 </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="plateau_potassium_current">
     <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kp"/>
    
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_Kp"/>
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kp" initial_value="0.00552"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="Kp"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K1"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="E_Kp_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_Kp </ci>
        <ci> E_K1 </ci>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="Kp_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Kp </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 7.488 </cn>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 5.98 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply> 
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
              
      <apply id="i_Kp_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Kp </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Kp </ci>
          <ci> Kp </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_Kp </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_p_Ca"/>
    
    <variable units="micromolar" name="K_mpCa" initial_value="0.5"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_pCa" initial_value="1.15"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>   
 
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="i_p_Ca_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_p_Ca </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> I_pCa </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Cai </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> K_mpCa </ci>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="sodium_background_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Na_b"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Nab" initial_value="0.00141"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_NaN"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/> 
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> 
      <apply id="E_NaN_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_NaN </ci>
        <ci> E_Na </ci>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_Na_b_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Na_b </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Nab </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_NaN </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="calcium_background_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_b"/>
    
    <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Cab" initial_value="0.003016"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_CaN"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="E_CaN_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> E_CaN </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              <ci> F </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <ci> Cao </ci>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_Ca_b_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_Ca_b </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_Cab </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_CaN </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="sodium_potassium_pump">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaK"/>
    
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_NaK"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="f_NaK"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mNai" initial_value="10.0"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mKo" initial_value="1.5"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="sigma"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>  
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>   
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="f_NaK_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> f_NaK </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1245 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.1 </cn>
                    <apply>
                      <divide/>
                      <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci> V </ci>
                        <ci> F </ci>
                      </apply>
                      <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci> R </ci>
                        <ci> T </ci>
                      </apply>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0365 </cn>
              <ci> sigma </ci>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci>
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="sigma_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> sigma </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 7.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <exp/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <ci> Nao </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 67.3 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_NaK_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_NaK </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> I_NaK </ci>
          <ci> f_NaK </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci> K_mNai </ci>
                  <ci> Nai </ci>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.5 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Ko </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> Ko </ci>
              <ci> K_mKo </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="non_specific_calcium_activated_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_ns_Ca"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_ns_Na"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_ns_K"/>
    
    <variable units="cm_per_second" name="P_ns_Ca" initial_value="1.75E-7"/>
   
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="gamma_Nai"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="gamma_Nao"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="gamma_Ki"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="gamma_Ko"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_ns_Na"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_ns_K"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="K_m_ns_Ca" initial_value="1.2"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="i_ns_Na_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_ns_Na </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> I_ns_Na </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci> K_m_ns_Ca </ci>
                  <ci> Cai </ci>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_ns_K_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_ns_K </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> I_ns_K </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci> K_m_ns_Ca </ci>
                  <ci> Cai </ci>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_ns_Ca_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_ns_Ca </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> i_ns_Na </ci>
          <ci> i_ns_K </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="I_ns_Na_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> I_ns_Na </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> P_ns_Ca </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> F </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Nai </ci>
                <ci> Nai </ci>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci> 
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Nao </ci>
                <ci> Nao </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <ci> R </ci>
                    <ci> T </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="I_ns_K_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> I_ns_K </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> P_ns_Ca </ci>
          <apply>
            <power/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V </ci>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> F </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> R </ci>
              <ci> T </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Ki </ci>
                <ci> Ki </ci>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                      <ci> V </ci>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci> 
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> gamma_Ko </ci>
                <ci> Ko </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <ci> R </ci>
                    <ci> T </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="Na_Ca_exchanger">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa"/>
    
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="K_NaCa" initial_value="2000.0"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mNa" initial_value="87.5"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mCa" initial_value="1.38"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="K_sat" initial_value="0.1"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="eta" initial_value="0.35"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    <variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
    <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="Na_Ca_exchanger">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_NaCa </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/> 
          <ci> K_NaCa </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> K_mNa </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> Nao </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> K_mCa </ci>
              <ci> Cao </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> K_sat </ci>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <times/>
                    <apply>
                      <minus/>
                      <ci> eta </ci>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                    </apply>
                    <ci> V </ci>
                    <apply>
                      <divide/>
                      <ci> F </ci>
                      <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci> R </ci>
                        <ci> T </ci>
                      </apply>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> eta </ci>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci>
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> Nai </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
              <ci> Cao </ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                    <minus/>
                    <ci> eta </ci>
                    <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                  </apply>
                  <ci> V </ci>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <ci> F </ci>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <ci> R </ci>
                      <ci> T </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci> Nao </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="stretch_activated_current">
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_s"/>
    
    <variable units="microS_per_microF" name="g_s"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" name="E_s" initial_value="-20.0"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="i_s_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_s </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> g_s </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> V </ci>
            <ci> E_s </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="calcium_buffers_in_the_myoplasm">
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_JSR_new"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Cai" initial_value="0.1784"/>
    
    <variable units="micromolar" name="K_mTRPN" initial_value="0.5"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="K_mCMDN" initial_value="2.38"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="TRPN_max" initial_value="70.0"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="CMDN_max" initial_value="50.0"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="TRPN_buff"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="CMDN_buff"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="Ca_total"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_JSR_old"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="delta_Ca_JSR"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="delta_Cai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="Cai_old"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="b1"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="c1"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="b"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="c"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="d"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="CSQN_max"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="K_mCSQN"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="CSQN_buff"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="TRPN_buff_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> TRPN_buff </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> TRPN_max </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Cai </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
              <ci> K_mTRPN </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="CMDN_buff_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> CMDN_buff </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> CMDN_max </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Cai </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
              <ci> K_mCMDN </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="Ca_JSR_new_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Ca_JSR_new </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <root/>
              <apply>
                <plus/>
                <apply>
                  <power/>
                  <ci> b1 </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 4.0 </cn>
                  <ci> c1 </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <ci> b1 </ci>
          </apply>
          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="delta_Ca_JSR_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> delta_Ca_JSR </ci>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <ci> Ca_JSR_old </ci>
          <ci> Ca_JSR_new </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="delta_Cai_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> delta_Cai </ci>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <ci> Cai_old </ci>
          <ci> Cai </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="b1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> b1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <ci> K_mCSQN </ci>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <ci> CSQN_max </ci>
            <ci> CSQN_buff </ci>
            <ci> delta_Ca_JSR </ci>
            <ci> Ca_JSR_old </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="c1_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> c1 </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> K_mCSQN </ci>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <ci> CSQN_buff </ci>
            <ci> delta_Ca_JSR </ci>
            <ci> Ca_JSR_old </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="Cai_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Cai </ci>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <apply>
              <divide/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <root/>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <power/>
                  <ci> b </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
                  <ci> c </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <cos/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <arccos/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <apply>
                      <minus/>
                      <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 9.0 </cn>
                        <ci> b </ci>
                        <ci> c </ci>
                      </apply>
                      <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <apply>
                          <times/>
                          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                          <apply>
                            <power/>
                            <ci> b </ci>
                            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
                          </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                          <times/>
                          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 27.0 </cn>
                          <ci> d </ci>
                        </apply>
                      </apply>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <times/>
                      <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                      <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                          <minus/>
                          <apply>
                            <power/>
                            <ci> b </ci>
                            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                          </apply>
                          <apply>
                            <times/>
                            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
                            <ci> c </ci>
                          </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                          <divide/>
                          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
                          <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                        </apply>
                      </apply>
                    </apply> 
                  </apply>
                </apply>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> b </ci>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="b_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> b </ci>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <ci> CMDN_max </ci>
            <ci> TRPN_max </ci>
            <ci> K_mTRPN </ci>
            <ci> K_mCMDN </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> Ca_total </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="c_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> c </ci>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> K_mCMDN </ci>
              <ci> K_mTRPN </ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> TRPN_max </ci>
              <ci> K_mCMDN </ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> CMDN_max </ci>
              <ci> K_mTRPN </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> Ca_total </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> K_mTRPN </ci>
              <ci> K_mCMDN </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="d_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> d </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> K_mTRPN </ci>
              <ci> K_mCMDN </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <ci> Ca_total </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>  
      
      <apply id="Ca_total_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> Ca_total </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> TRPN_buff </ci>
          <ci> CMDN_buff </ci> 
          <ci> delta_Cai </ci>
          <ci> Cai_old </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>    
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR">
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="i_rel"/>
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="i_up"/>
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="i_leak"/>  
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="i_tr"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="CSQN_buff"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="CSQN_max" initial_value="10.0"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_mCSQN" initial_value="0.8"/>                        
    
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="G_rel"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="G_rel_max"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_on" initial_value="2.0"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_off" initial_value="2.0"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="tau_tr" initial_value="180.0"/>
    <variable units="millisecond" name="t" initial_value="0.0"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="K_mrel" initial_value="0.8"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="delta_Ca_i2"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="delta_Ca_ith" initial_value="0.18"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="CSQN_th" initial_value="0.7"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="K_mup" initial_value="0.92"/>
    <variable units="per_millisecond" name="K_leak"/>
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="I_up" initial_value="0.005"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_NSR_max" initial_value="0.15"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="calcium_overload"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/> 
    <variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_JSR_new"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_NSR"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">      
      <apply id="i_rel_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_rel </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> G_rel </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> Ca_JSR_new </ci>
            <ci> Cai </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="G_rel_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> G_rel </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> G_rel_max </ci>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci> delta_Ca_i2 </ci>
                  <ci> delta_Ca_ith </ci>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <plus/>
                    <ci> K_mrel </ci>
                    <ci> delta_Ca_i2 </ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci> delta_Ca_ith </ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <minus/>
                    <apply>
                      <divide/>
                      <ci> t </ci>
                      <ci> tau_on </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <ci> t </ci>
                    <ci> tau_off </ci>
                  </apply>     
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <eq/>
              <ci> calcium_overload </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> G_rel_max </ci>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                    <minus/>
                    <apply>
                      <divide/>
                      <ci> t </ci>
                      <ci> tau_on </ci>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <exp/>
                <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                    <divide/>
                    <ci> t </ci>
                    <ci> tau_off </ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="G_rel_max_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> G_rel_max </ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <piecewise>
              <piece>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <lt/>
                  <ci> delta_Ca_i2 </ci>
                  <ci> delta_Ca_ith </ci>
                </apply>
              </piece>
              <otherwise>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 60.0 </cn>
              </otherwise>
            </piecewise>
            <apply>
              <eq/>
              <ci> calcium_overload </ci>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0 </cn>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <piecewise>
              <piece>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.0 </cn>
                <apply>
                  <lt/>
                  <ci> CSQN_buff </ci>
                  <ci> CSQN_th </ci>
                </apply>
              </piece>
              <otherwise>
                <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 4.0 </cn>
              </otherwise>
            </piecewise>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="CSQN_buff_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> CSQN_buff </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> CSQN_max </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Ca_JSR_new </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> Ca_JSR_new </ci>
              <ci> K_mCSQN </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_up_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_up </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> I_up </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Cai </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> Cai </ci>
              <ci> K_mup </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_leak_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_leak </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> K_leak </ci>
          <ci> Ca_NSR </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
            
      <apply id="K_leak_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> K_leak </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> I_up </ci>
          <ci> Ca_NSR_max </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="i_tr_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> i_tr </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> Ca_NSR </ci>
            <ci> Ca_JSR_new </ci>
          </apply>
          <ci> tau_tr </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
   <component name="ionic_concentrations">
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Nai" initial_value="18.0"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Nao" initial_value="140.0"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cao" initial_value="1.8"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ki" initial_value="145.0"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ko" initial_value="5.4"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_NSR" initial_value="15.0"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="Ca_foot"/>
    
    <variable units="mm2" name="A_cap" initial_value="0.000153"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="R_A_V"/>
    <variable units="micro_litre" name="V_myo"/>
    <variable units="micro_litre" name="V_cleft"/>
    
    <variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    <variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>         <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_CaNa"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_CaCa"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na_b"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_ns_Na"/>      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_CaK"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kr"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ks"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
    <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kp"/>         <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_ns_K"/>
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="i_tr"/>
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="i_leak"/>   
    <variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="i_up"/>
              
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="sodium_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Nai </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> i_Na </ci>
              <ci> i_CaNa </ci>
              <ci> i_Na_b </ci>
              <ci> i_ns_Na </ci>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> i_NaCa </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> i_NaK </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> A_cap </ci>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V_myo </ci>
              <ci> F </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
          
      <apply id="potassium_internal_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Ki </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> i_CaK </ci>
              <ci> i_Kr </ci>
              <ci> i_Ks </ci>
              <ci> i_K1 </ci>
              <ci> i_Kp </ci>
              <ci> i_ns_K </ci>
              <apply>
                <minus/>
                <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci> i_NaK </ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> A_cap </ci>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V_myo </ci>
              <ci> F </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>        
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="potassium_external_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Ko </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <ci> i_CaK </ci>
            <ci> i_Kr </ci>
            <ci> i_Ks </ci>
            <ci> i_K1 </ci>
            <ci> i_Kp </ci>
            <ci> i_ns_K </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <apply>
                <times/>
                <ci> i_NaK </ci>
                <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> A_cap </ci>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <ci> V_cleft </ci>
              <ci> F </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>        
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="calcium_NSR_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Ca_NSR </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <ci> i_leak </ci>
              <ci> i_tr </ci>
            </apply>
            <ci> i_up </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    
      <apply id="calcium_foot_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Ca_foot </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> i_CaCa </ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> A_cap </ci>
            <apply>
              <times/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
              <ci> V_myo </ci>
              <ci> F </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <ci> R_A_V </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component> 
  
  <group>
    <relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
    <component_ref component="membrane">
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
        <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
        <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
        <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel">
        <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_d_gate"/>
        <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_f_gate"/>
        <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_f_Ca_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel">
        <component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_b_gate"/>
        <component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_g_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current">
        <component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr_gate"/>
        <component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Rr_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current">
        <component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xs_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
        <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
      <component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current"/>
      <component_ref component="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump"/>
      <component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
      <component_ref component="calcium_background_current"/>
      <component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
      <component_ref component="stretch_activated_current"/>
      <component_ref component="non_specific_calcium_activated_current"/>
      <component_ref component="ionic_concentrations"/>
      <component_ref component="calcium_buffers_in_the_myoplasm"/>
      <component_ref component="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR"/>
    </component_ref>
  </group> 
  
  
  <group>
    <relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
    <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel">
      <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_d_gate"/>
      <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_f_gate"/>
      <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_f_Ca_gate"/>
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel">
      <component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_b_gate"/>
      <component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_g_gate"/>
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current">
      <component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr_gate"/>
      <component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Rr_gate"/>
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current">
      <component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xs_gate"/>
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
      <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
    </component_ref>
  </group>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>


  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>


  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="L_type_Ca_channel"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="T_type_Ca_channel"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
   

  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="plateau_potassium_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_background_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="stretch_activated_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="non_specific_calcium_activated_current"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_buffers_in_the_myoplasm"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
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            Stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability in 
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        Riemer et al's 1998 mathematical model of stretch-induced changes in 
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          This is the CellML description of Riemer et al's 1998 mathematical 
          model of stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability 
          in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.  This model is based on the the 
          Luo-Rudy I model, 1991.
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    <vCard:Given>Tara</vCard:Given>
    <vCard:Family>Riemer</vCard:Family>
    <vCard:Other>L</vCard:Other>
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    <vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#74314bc8-d6bf-438a-bdef-afaeed9a2e77">
    <vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
    <vCard:Family>Lloyd</vCard:Family>
    <vCard:Other>May</vCard:Other>
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    <vCard:Given>Leslie</vCard:Given>
    <vCard:Family>Tung</vCard:Family>
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          Corrected equations: alpha_h in fast_sodium_current_h_gate.  Added non-specific currents.
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  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#0a740f76-0ff2-4ffb-8069-980f3a06db78">
    <dcterms:W3CDTF>2003-07-30</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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  <rdf:Description rdf:about="">
    <dc:publisher>
        The University of Auckland, The Bioengineering Institute
      </dc:publisher>
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          Changed the model name so the model loads in the database easier.
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  <rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#0738b287-4bab-4f57-a7ef-3006f8622821">
    <dc:title>American Journal of Physiology</dc:title>
  </rdf:Description>
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