Rendering of the source text

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<!--  FILE :  friel_model_1995.xml

CREATED :  2nd April 2002

LAST MODIFIED : 9th April 2003

AUTHOR :  Catherine Lloyd
          Bioengineering Institute
          The University of Auckland
          
MODEL STATUS :  This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the 16/1/02 CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification.

DESCRIPTION :  This file contains a CellML description of D.D. Friel's 1995 model of Ca2+ oscillations in sympathetic neurons.

CHANGES:  
  22/07/2002 - CML - Added more metadata.   
  09/04/2003 - AAC - Added publication date information.  
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<article>
<articleinfo>
  <title>[Ca2+]i oscillations in sympathetic neurons: an experimental test of a theoretical model</title>
  <author>
    <firstname>Catherine</firstname>
          <surname>Lloyd</surname>
    <affiliation>
      <shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
    </affiliation>
  </author>
</articleinfo>
  <section id="sec_status">
    <title>Model Status</title>
    <para>
        This CellML model runs in OpenCell and COR but unfortuntately does not recreate the published figures. The CellML model does not spontaneously oscillate.
    </para>
  </section>
  <sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>

<para>
ABSTRACT: [Ca2+]i oscillations have been described in a variety of cells. This study focuses on caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i oscillations in sympathetic neurons. Previous work has shown that these oscillations require Ca2+ entry from the extracellular medium and Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release from a caffeine- and ryanodine-sensitive store. The aim of the study was to understand the mechanism responsible for the oscillations. As a starting point, [Ca2+]i relaxations were examined after membrane depolarization and exposure to caffeine. For both stimuli, post-stimulus relaxations could be described by the sum of two decaying exponential functions, consistent with a one-pool system in which Ca2+ transport between compartments is regulated by linear Ca2+ pumps and leaks. After modifying the store to include a [Ca2+]i-sensitive leak, the model also exhibits oscillations such as those observed experimentally. The model was tested by comparing measured and predicted net Ca2+ fluxes during the oscillatory cycle. Three independent fluxes were measured, describing the rates of 1) Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane, 2) Ca2+ release by the internal store, and 3) Ca2+ extrusion across the plasma membrane and uptake by the internal store. Starting with estimates of the model parameters deduced from post-stimulus relaxations and the rapid upstroke, a set of parameter values was found that provides a good description of [Ca2+]i throughout the oscillatory cycle. With the same parameter values, there was also good agreement between the measured and simulated net fluxes. Thus, a one-pool model with a single [Ca2+]i-sensitive Ca2+ permeability is adequate to account for many of the quantitative properties of steady-state [Ca2+]i oscillations in sympathetic neurons. Inactivation of the intracellular Ca2+ permeability, cooperative nonlinear Ca2+ uptake and extrusion mechanisms, and functional links between plasma membrane Ca2+ transport and the internal store are not required.
</para>

<para>
The original paper reference is cited below:
</para>

<para>
[Ca2+]i oscillations in sympathetic neurons: an experimental test of a theoretical model, David D. Friel, 1995, <emphasis>Biophysical Journal</emphasis>, 68, 1752-1766.  <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7612818">PubMed ID: 7612818</ulink>
</para>


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<caption>Schematic of the model indicating Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> compartmentalization in the extracellular matrix, cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix and pathways for Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> ion movement between the compartments.</caption>
</informalfigure>

</sect1>
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            [Ca2+]i oscillations in sympathetic neurons: an experimental test of a theoretical model
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          This is the CellML description of David Friel's 1995 model of calcium 
          oscillations in sympathetic neurons.
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          Added more metadata.
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        The University of Auckland, Auckland Bioengineering Institute
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        A Model Of Calcium Oscillations in Sympathetic Neurons 
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          Added publication date information.
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