- Author:
- Catherine Lloyd <c.lloyd@auckland.ac.nz>
- Date:
- 2010-05-13 20:48:01+12:00
- Desc:
- Removed .DS file and removed xml:base="".
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/bertram_previte_sherman_kinard_satin_2000/rawfile/aef818c0e16bee018abc8d7894f10e9bf214d018/bertram_previte_sherman_kinard_satin_2000_slow.cellml
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<title>The phantom burster model for pancreatic beta-cells</title>
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<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
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<shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
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<title>Model Status</title>
<para> This model has been rebuilt according to the author's original XPPAUT code, which can be found <ulink url="http://www.math.fsu.edu/~bertram/software/islet/BJ_04a.ode">here</ulink>. This version of the CellML model represents the slow bursting model where gs1=3. The model replicates figure 4 in the published paper (please note you need to run the model for at least 300 seconds to get past the initial unstable stage). The model runs in both PCEnv and COR and the units are consistent. </para>
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<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>ABSTRACT: Pancreatic beta-cells exhibit bursting oscillations with a wide range of periods. Whereas periods in isolated cells are generally either a few seconds or a few minutes, in intact islets of Langerhans they are intermediate (10-60 s). We develop a mathematical model for beta-cell electrical activity capable of generating this wide range of bursting oscillations. Unlike previous models, bursting is driven by the interaction of two slow processes, one with a relatively small time constant (1-5 s) and the other with a much larger time constant (1-2 min). Bursting on the intermediate time scale is generated without need for a slow process having an intermediate time constant, hence phantom bursting. The model suggests that isolated cells exhibiting a fast pattern may nonetheless possess slower processes that can be brought out by injecting suitable exogenous currents. Guided by this, we devise an experimental protocol using the dynamic clamp technique that reliably elicits islet-like, medium period oscillations from isolated cells. Finally, we show that strong electrical coupling between a fast burster and a slow burster can produce synchronized medium bursting, suggesting that islets may be composed of cells that are intrinsically either fast or slow, with few or none that are intrinsically medium.</para>
<para>The original paper reference is cited below:</para>
<para>The phantom burster model for pancreatic beta-cells, Richard Bertram, Joseph Previte, Arthur Sherman, Tracie A. Kinard and Leslie S. Satin, 2000,
<emphasis>Biophysical Journal</emphasis>, 79, 2880-2892. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11106596&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 11106596</ulink>
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<caption>Schematic diagram of the pancreatic beta-cell plasma membrane showing the ionic currents captured by the phantom burster model.</caption>
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</rdf:value></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#557b0161-366d-4c04-a1ea-7098cefd4828"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">James</Given><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Richard</Other><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Lawson</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#a049c1f5-2c5a-4be0-96b8-d394a9fd496a"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Autumn</Given><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">A</Other><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Cuellar</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#207a8f98-7b44-41b3-b0e2-a7c9525d1967"><FN xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">James Lawson</FN></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#eda135be-a804-4400-a0e2-a1f173f2440b"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#bd449466-f5f3-4e6a-b360-7ad3f275634f"/></modified><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#272f4426-48f3-4189-b069-ee72500e813d"/></cmeta:modifier><rdf:value xml:lang="en">Fixed errors detected by ValidateCellML, including connection duplication and namespace mixing.</rdf:value></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#fc9fcbc7-0263-4820-a21d-6cb0aab30ea1"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Richard</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Bertram</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n2"><subject xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n3"/></subject></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#daf3676d-99a8-40d9-9bae-70a8ba718909"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2007-08-08T00:00:00+00:00</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#3311698a-64a9-4c17-bf09-d283363c94cc"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#2f233643-d042-419a-9deb-cf9f3caf402e"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#de3c3d0e-c2f2-43c8-92fb-014322951a1b"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5b2b067b-1cbb-4e76-ad81-4c3a2af72ebf"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#73e9e190-ac5b-463c-be82-ffc62ca74630"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#79357532-a807-4680-8afa-78fdee11adbb"/></modified><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#c5b60d22-7baf-4cf2-ad2b-686bea8501f1"/></cmeta:modifier><rdf:value xml:lang="en">
Added publication date information.
</rdf:value></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5b2b067b-1cbb-4e76-ad81-4c3a2af72ebf"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Arthur</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Sherman</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#82c6de5a-bdcb-49f0-8fe4-bf536af0bd8e"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Tracie</Given><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">A</Other><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Kinard</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#ec6738e2-de8a-4d0e-8385-e803c1a34a79"><rdf:value xml:lang="en">This is the CellML description of Bertram et al's 2000 phantom burster model for pancreatic beta-cells.</rdf:value><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#02623e16-e5eb-4549-9712-5f6c0043eb75"/></creator></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="#bertram_2000_slow"><simulation xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#f95e14d0-fc94-49d8-a61b-f27c1d9aabda"/></simulation><cmeta:comment><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#ec6738e2-de8a-4d0e-8385-e803c1a34a79"/></cmeta:comment><reference xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n2"/></reference><reference xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#8297facc-27d3-427d-94fc-4570ce277a0e"/></reference><title xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">
The Bertram et al 2000 phantom burster model for pancreatic beta-cells.
</title><cmeta:bio_entity xml:lang="en">pancreatic beta-cell</cmeta:bio_entity></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#8297facc-27d3-427d-94fc-4570ce277a0e"><JournalArticle xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e5bf1ac1-e996-4b58-bf0c-0c80afc4d07a"/></JournalArticle><Pubmed_id xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">11106596</Pubmed_id></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#3ca11ded-a806-4f6e-872c-99fbf0f58600"><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e2fb2f91-4080-49f7-90fd-cc74abe5ca2d"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$sx2Kt"><rdf:first><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$tx2Kt"/></rdf:first><rdf:rest><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/></rdf:rest></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$s4dx31"><rdf:first><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$t4dx31"/></rdf:first><rdf:rest><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/></rdf:rest></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#62c568a8-cb4c-4b49-a375-ffe0c1d8db58"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://imc.org/vCard/3.0#internet"/></rdf:type><rdf:value xml:lang="en">j.lawson@auckland.ac.nz</rdf:value></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#2f233643-d042-419a-9deb-cf9f3caf402e"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Joseph</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Previte</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#7f7852c9-fbc3-4aba-99d7-c45bb885a612"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9c50959c-5ea6-43e5-a0d6-d0752f5c79ea"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#dd61c4b2-b30a-4fdb-b1e3-a459f03f9720"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#fc9fcbc7-0263-4820-a21d-6cb0aab30ea1"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#41b0cfc0-f5f9-41d4-aff4-90d30c1c2c8f"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2002-07-18</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#890ef4c5-560c-4a44-be85-9c1a4a1f4a59"><EMAIL xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#62c568a8-cb4c-4b49-a375-ffe0c1d8db58"/></EMAIL><ORG xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#35952d28-2ec7-4dfd-a0c5-c2f98650cc4c"/></ORG><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b87a5c2c-f4ed-42ee-ac1a-a3c32faa4d6d"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$tx2Kt"><pointDensity xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#nonstandard-" xml:lang="en">10000</pointDensity><endingValue xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" xml:lang="en">100</endingValue><maximumStepSize xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" xml:lang="en">0.001</maximumStepSize></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#537ed962-a674-4cf9-a64a-215046b2a8ca"><rdf:first><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#3a8531b7-1d36-4572-af25-9b5a111283ad"/></rdf:first><rdf:rest><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/></rdf:rest></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#c5b60d22-7baf-4cf2-ad2b-686bea8501f1"><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#a049c1f5-2c5a-4be0-96b8-d394a9fd496a"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n3"><rdf:value><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n4"/></rdf:value><subject_type xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">keyword</subject_type></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#7a675be1-22ba-4bc3-bf0d-5e7929af3885"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#82c6de5a-bdcb-49f0-8fe4-bf536af0bd8e"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9e045141-9618-42b0-ad6c-de2bdc4c9de9"><title xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">Biophysical Journal</title></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n4"><rdf:_2 xml:lang="en">electrophysiology</rdf:_2><rdf:_1 xml:lang="en">calcium dynamics</rdf:_1><rdf:_4 xml:lang="en">pancreas</rdf:_4><rdf:_3 xml:lang="en">beta cell</rdf:_3><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Bag"/></rdf:type></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e5bf1ac1-e996-4b58-bf0c-0c80afc4d07a"><title xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">The Phantom Burster Model for Pancreatic Beta Cells</title><volume xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">79</volume><last_page xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">2892</last_page><Journal xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9e045141-9618-42b0-ad6c-de2bdc4c9de9"/></Journal><first_page xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">2880</first_page><issued xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#32838f11-2e32-44cb-9ed3-1dd8e655492e"/></issued><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#10cb6c74-d091-4c4a-934b-d778319a7205"/></creator></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#f95e14d0-fc94-49d8-a61b-f27c1d9aabda"><boundIntervals xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n5"/></boundIntervals></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#79357532-a807-4680-8afa-78fdee11adbb"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2003-04-09</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#bd449466-f5f3-4e6a-b360-7ad3f275634f"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2009-05-15T16:10:00+12:00</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e2fb2f91-4080-49f7-90fd-cc74abe5ca2d"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Catherine</Given><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">May</Other><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Lloyd</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="#PeAxnu1!T2\"><simulation xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$r4dx31"/></simulation><simulation xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$rx2Kt"/></simulation></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#02f410bc-2f5e-4b35-bd14-c72502505ade"><rdf:value xml:lang="en">This model has been rebuilt according to the author's original XPPAUT code, which can be found at http://www.math.fsu.edu/~bertram/software/islet/BJ_04a.ode . Unfortunately the model is still unable to produce the correct output. This file is known to run in PCEnv.</rdf:value><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#207a8f98-7b44-41b3-b0e2-a7c9525d1967"/></creator></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$t4dx31"><pointDensity xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#nonstandard-" xml:lang="en">100000</pointDensity><endingValue xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" xml:lang="en">5000</endingValue><algorithm xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#nonstandard-" xml:lang="en">bdf15</algorithm><maximumStepSize xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" xml:lang="en">0.001</maximumStepSize></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#272f4426-48f3-4189-b069-ee72500e813d"><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#557b0161-366d-4c04-a1ea-7098cefd4828"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#10cb6c74-d091-4c4a-934b-d778319a7205"><rdf:_2><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#3311698a-64a9-4c17-bf09-d283363c94cc"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_1><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#dd61c4b2-b30a-4fdb-b1e3-a459f03f9720"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_4><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#7a675be1-22ba-4bc3-bf0d-5e7929af3885"/></rdf:_4><rdf:_3><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#de3c3d0e-c2f2-43c8-92fb-014322951a1b"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_5><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#7f7852c9-fbc3-4aba-99d7-c45bb885a612"/></rdf:_5><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Seq"/></rdf:type></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#02623e16-e5eb-4549-9712-5f6c0043eb75"><FN xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Catherine Lloyd</FN></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b87a5c2c-f4ed-42ee-ac1a-a3c32faa4d6d"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">James</Given><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Richard</Other><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Lawson</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#35952d28-2ec7-4dfd-a0c5-c2f98650cc4c"><Orgunit xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">The Bioengineering Institute</Orgunit><Orgname xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">The University of Auckland</Orgname></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about=""><cmeta:comment><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#02f410bc-2f5e-4b35-bd14-c72502505ade"/></cmeta:comment><title xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">The Phantom Burster Model for Pancreatic Beta Cells (slow bursting model)</title><created xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#daf3676d-99a8-40d9-9bae-70a8ba718909"/></created><cmeta:modification><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#eda135be-a804-4400-a0e2-a1f173f2440b"/></cmeta:modification><cmeta:modification><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#f4225862-d951-4cdf-bd9c-ca17d407fd11"/></cmeta:modification><cmeta:modification><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#73e9e190-ac5b-463c-be82-ffc62ca74630"/></cmeta:modification><publisher xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">The University of Auckland, Auckland Bioengineering Institute</publisher><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#890ef4c5-560c-4a44-be85-9c1a4a1f4a59"/></creator></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9c50959c-5ea6-43e5-a0d6-d0752f5c79ea"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Leslie</Given><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">S</Other><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Satin</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$rx2Kt"><boundIntervals xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$sx2Kt"/></boundIntervals></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n5"><rdf:first><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n1"/></rdf:first><rdf:rest><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/></rdf:rest></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#32838f11-2e32-44cb-9ed3-1dd8e655492e"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2000-12</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#866a151e-844d-41d6-b865-4c9108c277c0"><endingValue xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" xml:lang="en">1000</endingValue></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></model>
