- Author:
- Tommy Yu <tommy.yu@auckland.ac.nz>
- Date:
- 2010-08-25 17:01:56+12:00
- Desc:
- e-notation fix
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/bernus_wilders_zemlin_verschelde_panfilov_2002/rawfile/1503a0990dcc8f21542c3a4819af771d2864f206/bernus_wilders_zemlin_verschelde_panfilov_2002.cellml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- FILE : bernus_model_2002.xml
CREATED : 16th January 2003
LAST MODIFIED : 4th August 2003
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
Department of Engineering Science
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the 16/01/2002 CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Bernus et al's 2002
computationally efficient electrophysiological model of human ventricular cells.
CHANGES:
09/04/2003 - AAC - Added publication date information.
04/06/2003 - CML - Fixed MathML in a few components.
04/08/2003 - CML - Fixed MathML in a few components.
09/09/2003 - AAC - Fixed MathML in alpha_ and beta_d_calculation.
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="bernus_wilders_zemlin_verschelde_panfilov_2002_version01" name="bernus_wilders_zemlin_verschelde_panfilov_2002_version01">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>A Computationally Efficient Electrophysiological Model of Human Ventricular Cells</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model contains partial differentials and as such can not currently be solved by existing CellML tools.
</para>
<para> ValidateCellML detects numerous unit inconsistencies within this model but otherwise verifies it as valid CellML.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Mathematical modelling of cells began over 50 years ago with the work of Hodgkin and Huxley (for the CellML version of the model, see The Hodgkin-Huxley Squid Axon Model, 1952). The first model of cardiac tissue was developed by Noble in 1962 (see Noble Purkinje Fibre Model, 1962), and contained only four variables. During the following years, improvements in both experimental and computational methods lead to the development of successively more accurate models, for example the Luo-Rudy Ventricular Model II (dynamic), 1994, and the Noble Ventricular Cell Model, 1998. Recently, comprehensive models have been published which are cell type specific, for example: Nygren <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, 1998; and Courtemanche <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, 1998 have developed models of atrial cells, while others have produced models of the sinoatrial node: Demir <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, 1999; Zhang <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, 2000; and Boyett <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, 2001, or ventricular myocytes: Puglisi-Bers, 2001 and Pandit <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, 2001.
</para>
<para>
In 1998, Priebe and Beuckelmann published a model of a single human ventricular cell. This was based mainly on the Luo-Rudy II model for a guinea-pig ventricular myocyte, however, five currents (<emphasis>I<subscript>Kr</subscript>
</emphasis>, <emphasis>I<subscript>Ks</subscript>
</emphasis>, <emphasis>I<subscript>Ca</subscript>
</emphasis>, <emphasis>I<subscript>to</subscript>
</emphasis> and <emphasis>I<subscript>K1</subscript>
</emphasis>) were based on experimental data obtained from human myocytes. The remaining currents from the original LR model were scaled to fit human cell data. Priebe and Beuckelmann used their model to compare the electrophysiological properties of healthy and failing ventricular myocytes. The model was accurate, but its complexity and large number of variables make it computationally inefficient. In addition, as a <quote>second-generation model</quote>, made up of ordinary differential equations describing the time dependence of membrane potential, gating variables and ion concentrations, the PB model was unstable.
</para>
<para>
Often it is not necessary to model the ionic currents of a cell with the accuracy and complexity inherent in the biophysically based models. With a view to investigating phenomena on a larger spatial and temporal scale, several ionic current models have been developed that do not seek to model subcellular processes but only to provide an action potential at a minimal computational cost. Such models include The FitzHugh-Nagumo Model, 1961. However, this approach does not reproduce the shape of action potential, which is important in electrocardiography studies. Neither does it allow the analysis of the effects of individual ionic currents on cardiac activation.
</para>
<para>
In 2002, Bernus <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> published a mathematical model of human ventricular cells, which was somewhere in between the complex PB and the simple FN models. Their new model was simpler, 4.9 times faster, and more stable than the original PB model on which it was based, yet it was sufficiently complex to retain the shape of the action potential at various frequencies, and also the restitution properties of the human ventricular tissue. This was achieved by reducing the original PB model to a six-variable model (see <xref linkend="fig_cell_diagram"/> below). Major ionic currents were retained, but some single cell properties that do not have a large influence on the properties of the tissue were discarded. Model simulations were able to reproduce the properties of epicardial, endocardial and M cells by modifying selected ionic currents (this raw CellML model is specific to the epicardial cells). In addition, at the tissue level, Bernus <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> were able to simulate spiral wave behaviour in a 2-D sheet of human ventricular tissue. Simulation results were supported by their agreement with experimental data.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
A computationally efficient electrophysiological model of human ventricular cells, O. Bernus, R. Wilders, C. W. Zemlin, H. Verschelde, and A. V. Panfilov, 2002,
<emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
, 282, H2296-H2308. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12003840&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 12003840 </ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>diagram of the model</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="bernus_2002.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic representation of the ionic currents described by the Bernus <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> 2002 model of a human ventricular cell. The model includes a rapid sodium current, I<subscript>Na</subscript>; a slow calcium current, I<subscript>Ca</subscript>; a transient outward current, I<subscript>to</subscript>; a delayed rectifier potassium current, I<subscript>K</subscript>; an inward rectifier potassium current, I<subscript>K1</subscript>; background sodium and calcium currents, I<subscript>Na,b</subscript> and I<subscript>Ca,b</subscript>; a sodium-potassium pump, I<subscript>NaK</subscript>; and a sodium-calcium exchanger, I<subscript>NaCa</subscript>.</caption>
</informalfigure>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
<!--
Below, are defined some additional units for association with variables and
constants within the model.
-->
<units name="millisecond">
<unit units="second" prefix="milli"/>
</units>
<units name="per_millisecond">
<unit units="second" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="millivolt">
<unit units="volt" prefix="milli"/>
</units>
<units name="per_millivolt">
<unit units="volt" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="per_millivolt_millisecond">
<unit units="millivolt" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="nanoS_per_picoF">
<unit units="siemens" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="farad" prefix="pico" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="picoF">
<unit units="farad" prefix="pico"/>
</units>
<units name="picoA_per_picoF">
<unit units="ampere" prefix="pico"/>
<unit units="farad" prefix="pico" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="millimolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="micrometre">
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro"/>
</units>
<units name="per_micrometre">
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="ohm_cm">
<unit units="ohm"/>
<unit units="metre" prefix="centi"/>
</units>
<units name="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin">
<unit units="joule" prefix="milli"/>
<unit units="mole" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="kelvin" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="coulomb_per_mole">
<unit units="coulomb" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="mole"/>
</units>
<component name="environment">
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
</component>
<component name="membrane">
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="V" initial_value="-90.2"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="out" name="R" initial_value="8314.0"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="out" name="T" initial_value="310.0"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="out" name="F" initial_value="96845.0"/>
<variable units="picoF" name="Cm" initial_value="153.4"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="x" initial_value="100.0"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="y" initial_value="22.0"/>
<variable units="ohm_cm" name="rho_x" initial_value="180.0"/>
<variable units="ohm_cm" name="rho_y" initial_value="180.0"/>
<variable units="per_micrometre" name="S" initial_value="0.2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="V_x2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="V_y2"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_K"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_b_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_b_Ca"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="membrane_voltage_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci> time </ci>
</bvar>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> i_Na </ci>
<ci> i_Ca </ci>
<ci> i_to </ci>
<ci> i_K </ci>
<ci> i_K1 </ci>
<ci> i_b_Na </ci>
<ci> i_b_Ca </ci>
<ci> i_NaCa </ci>
<ci> i_NaK </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> rho_x </ci>
<ci> S </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -1.0 </cn>
</apply>
<ci> V_x2 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> rho_y </ci>
<ci> S </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -1.0 </cn>
</apply>
<ci> V_y2 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci> Cm </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="V_x2_diff_calculation">
<eq/>
<apply>
<partialdiff/>
<bvar>
<ci> x </ci>
<degree>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</degree>
</bvar>
<degree>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</degree>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<ci> V_x2 </ci>
</apply>
<apply id="V_y2_diff_calculation">
<eq/>
<apply>
<partialdiff/>
<bvar>
<ci> y </ci>
<degree>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</degree>
</bvar>
<degree>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</degree>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<ci> V_y2 </ci>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_Na" initial_value="16.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_e"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="m"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="v"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_Na </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_Na </ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> m </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> v </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_Na </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="E_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> E_Na </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> R </ci>
<ci> T </ci>
</apply>
<ci> F </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Na_e </ci>
<ci> Na_i </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_current_m_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="m"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_m"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_m"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="m_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci> time </ci>
</bvar>
<ci> m </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> alpha_m </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 1.0 </cn>
<ci> m </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> beta_m </ci>
<ci> m </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="alpha_m_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> alpha_m </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond"> 0.32 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 47.13 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> -0.1 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 47.13 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="beta_m_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> beta_m </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.08 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 11.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_current_v_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="v"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="v_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_v"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="v_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci> time </ci>
</bvar>
<ci> v </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> v_infinity </ci>
<ci> v </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_v </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="v_infinity_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> v_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.5 </cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<tanh/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 7.74 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.12 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="tau_v_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> tau_v </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 0.25 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 2.24 </cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<tanh/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 7.74 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.12 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<tanh/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.07 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 92.4 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_Ca"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_Ca" initial_value="0.064"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_e"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="d_infinity"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f_Ca"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_Ca_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_Ca </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_Ca </ci>
<ci> d_infinity </ci>
<ci> f </ci>
<ci> f_Ca </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_Ca </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="E_Ca_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> E_Ca </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> R </ci>
<ci> T </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
<ci> F </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Ca_e </ci>
<ci> Ca_i </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_current_d_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="d_infinity"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_d"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_d"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="d_infinity_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> d_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> alpha_d </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> alpha_d </ci>
<ci> beta_d </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="alpha_d_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> alpha_d </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 14.98 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.5 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 22.36 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 16.68 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 16.68 </cn>
<apply>
<root/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
<pi/>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="beta_d_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> beta_d </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.1471 </cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 5.3 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.5 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 6.27 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 14.93 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 14.93 </cn>
<apply>
<root/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
<pi/>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_current_f_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_f"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_f"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="f_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci> time </ci>
</bvar>
<ci> f </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> alpha_f </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 1.0 </cn>
<ci> f </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> beta_f </ci>
<ci> f </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="alpha_f_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> alpha_f </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="per_millisecond">6.87<sep/>-3</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 6.1546 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 6.12 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="beta_f_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> beta_f </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.069 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -11.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 9.825 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.011 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.278 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 9.825 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="per_millisecond">5.75<sep/>-4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_current_f_Ca_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_Ca"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="f_Ca_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> f_Ca </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Ca_i </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 0.0006 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_outward_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_to" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_to"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_e"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_e"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="to"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="r_infinity"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_to_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_to </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_to </ci>
<ci> r_infinity </ci>
<ci> to </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_to </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="E_to_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> E_to </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> R </ci>
<ci> T </ci>
</apply>
<ci> F </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.043 </cn>
<ci> Na_e </ci>
</apply>
<ci> K_e </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.043 </cn>
<ci> Na_i </ci>
</apply>
<ci> K_i </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_outward_current_r_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="r_infinity"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_r"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_r"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="r_infinity_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> r_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> alpha_r </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> alpha_r </ci>
<ci> beta_r </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="alpha_r_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> alpha_r </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.5266 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0166 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 42.2912 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0943 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 42.2912 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="beta_r_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> beta_r </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond">5.186<sep/>-5</cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.5149 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1344 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 5.0027 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1348 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="millivolt">5.186<sep/>-5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_outward_current_to_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="to"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_to"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_to"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="to_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_to"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="V_shift" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="p" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="to_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci> time </ci>
</bvar>
<ci> to </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> alpha_to </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt"> 1.0 </cn>
<ci> to </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> beta_to </ci>
<ci> to </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="alpha_to_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> alpha_to </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond">5.612<sep/>-5</cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0721 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.173 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 34.2531 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.1732 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 34.2531 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="beta_to_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> beta_to </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond">1.215<sep/>-4</cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0767 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.66<sep/>-9</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 34.0235 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1604 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 34.0235 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="tau_to_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> tau_to </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> p </ci>
<ci> alpha_to </ci>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> p </ci>
<ci> beta_to </ci>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="to_infinity_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> to_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> alpha_to </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> V_shift </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> alpha_to </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> V_shift </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> beta_to </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> V_shift </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_K"/> <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_K" initial_value="0.019"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_e"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="X"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_K </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_K </ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> X </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_K </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="E_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> E_K </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> R </ci>
<ci> T </ci>
</apply>
<ci> F </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> K_e </ci>
<ci> K_i </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current_X_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="X"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="X_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_X"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_X_a"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="X_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci> time </ci>
</bvar>
<ci> X </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> X_infinity </ci>
<ci> X </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_X </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="X_infinity_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> X_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.988 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> -0.861 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0620 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="tau_X_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> tau_X </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 240.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 25.5 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 156.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 182.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<tanh/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 0.154 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0116 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci> tau_X_a </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="tau_X_a_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> tau_X_a </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 40.0 </cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<tanh/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 160.0 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="inward_rectifier_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_K1" initial_value="3.9"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="K1_infinity"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_K1_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_K1 </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_K1 </ci>
<ci> K1_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_K </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="inward_rectifier_potassium_current_K1_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="K1_infinity"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_K1"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_K1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="K1_infinity_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> K1_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> alpha_K1 </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> alpha_K1 </ci>
<ci> beta_K1 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="alpha_K1_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> alpha_K1 </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond"> 0.1 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.06 </cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> E_K </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 200.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="beta_K1_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> beta_K1 </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn type="e-notation" cellml:units="dimensionless">2.0<sep/>-4</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 100.0 </cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> E_K </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1 </cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.0 </cn>
<ci> E_K </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.5 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_K </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_background_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_b_Ca"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_b_Ca" initial_value="0.00085"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Ca"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_b_Ca_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_b_Ca </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_b_Ca </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_Ca </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_background_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_b_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_b_Na" initial_value="0.001"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_b_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_b_Na </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_b_Na </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> V </ci>
<ci> E_Na </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_potassium_pump">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_NaK" initial_value="1.3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="f_NaK"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="f_NaK_a"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="sigma"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_e"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_e"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_NaK_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_NaK </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_NaK </ci>
<ci> f_NaK </ci>
<ci> f_NaK_a </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="f_NaK_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> f_NaK </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1245 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.0037 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.0365 </cn>
<ci> sigma </ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.037 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="f_NaK_a_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> f_NaK_a </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 10.0 </cn>
<ci> Na_i </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.5 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> K_e </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> K_e </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 1.5 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="sigma_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> sigma </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1428 </cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Na_e </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 67.3 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_calcium_pump">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="f_NaCa"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_NaCa" initial_value="1000.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_e"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_e"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="i_NaCa_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> i_NaCa </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> g_NaCa </ci>
<ci> f_NaCa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="f_NaCa_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci> f_NaCa </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 87.5 </cn>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> Na_e </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -1.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar"> 1.38 </cn>
<ci> Ca_e </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -1.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.024 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -1.0 </cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> Na_i </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
</apply>
<ci> Ca_e </ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.013 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> Na_e </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 3.0 </cn>
</apply>
<ci> Ca_i </ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.024 </cn>
<ci> V </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ionic_concentrations">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_i" initial_value="10.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_e" initial_value="138.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_i" initial_value="0.0004"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_e" initial_value="2.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_i" initial_value="140.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_e" initial_value="4.0"/>
</component>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="sodium_current">
<component_ref component="sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current_v_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="calcium_current">
<component_ref component="calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_current_f_gate"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_current_f_Ca_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current">
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_r_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_to_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current_X_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_calcium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="ionic_concentrations"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current">
<component_ref component="sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current_v_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="calcium_current">
<component_ref component="calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_current_f_gate"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_current_f_Ca_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current">
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_r_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_to_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current_X_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="inward_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="inward_rectifier_potassium_current_K1_gate" component_1="inward_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K1_infinity" variable_1="K1_infinity"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_K" variable_1="E_K"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_calcium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ca" variable_1="i_Ca"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_to" variable_1="i_to"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K" variable_1="i_K"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="inward_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Na" variable_1="i_b_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Ca" variable_1="i_b_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_calcium_pump" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_potassium_pump" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaK" variable_1="i_NaK"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_current" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_e" variable_1="Na_e"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_current" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_e" variable_1="Ca_e"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_e" variable_1="Na_e"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_i" variable_1="K_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_e" variable_1="K_e"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_i" variable_1="K_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_e" variable_1="K_e"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_potassium_pump" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_e" variable_1="K_e"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_e" variable_1="Na_e"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_calcium_pump" component_1="ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_e" variable_1="Na_e"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_e" variable_1="Ca_e"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_background_current" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Na" variable_1="E_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_background_current" component_1="calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Ca" variable_1="E_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="inward_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_K" variable_1="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current_X_gate" component_1="delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="X" variable_1="X"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_current_m_gate" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="m" variable_1="m"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_current_v_gate" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="v" variable_1="v"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_current_d_gate" component_1="calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="d_infinity" variable_1="d_infinity"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_current_f_gate" component_1="calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="f" variable_1="f"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_current_f_Ca_gate" component_1="calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="f_Ca" variable_1="f_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current_to_gate" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="to" variable_1="to"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current_r_gate" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="r_infinity" variable_1="r_infinity"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
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Corrected equations: membrane_voltage_diff_eq in membrane,
alpha_d_calculation in calcium_current_d_gate, tau_x_calculation in
delayed_rectifier_potassium_current_x_gate, alpha_K1_calculation
in inward_rectifier_potassium_current_K1_gate, and i_NaK_calculation
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Corrected equations: E_to_calulation in transient_outward_current.
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<bqs:Pubmed_id>12003840</bqs:Pubmed_id>
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<vCard:Given>James</vCard:Given>
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Fixed MathML in alpha_ and beta_d_calculation.
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<rdf:value>updated curation status in documentation
deleted reference link from documentation</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>
Bernus et al's 2002 computationally efficient electrophysiological model of human ventricular cells.
</dc:title>
<cmeta:bio_entity>Ventricular Myocyte</cmeta:bio_entity>
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